ENGR.JESSA MAE A.
GOMEZ
Instructor
1. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 . . . 𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
2. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
3. (𝑎𝑏𝑐)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 𝑐 𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
4. =
𝑏 𝑏𝑛
𝑚
𝑛
5. 𝑎 =
𝑛 𝑎𝑚
1 1
6. 𝑎−𝑚 = and = 𝑎𝑚
𝑎𝑚 𝑎−𝑚
7. 𝑎0 = 1
8. If 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 then 𝑛 = 𝑚 provided a
≠0
PROBLEM 1. SOLUTION:
Solve for x: −2
2 −2
−3 3 1 1
1 =− =− −
𝑥=− −3 3 = −9
−27 1 1
=− 2 =−
1 1
− 9
3
PROBLEM 2. SOLUTION:
(3𝑥 )𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜: 2
= 3𝑥∙𝑥 = 3𝑥
1
𝑛
1. 𝑎 = 𝑛 𝑎
𝑚
𝑛
2. 𝑎 = 𝑛 𝑎𝑚
3. ( 𝑛 𝑎)𝑛 = 𝑎
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
4. 𝑎𝑥 𝑏= 𝑎𝑏
𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎
5. 𝑛 = provided that b ≠ 0
𝑏 𝑏
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀𝑁 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑁 10. 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑀 = log 𝑀 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚
𝑀 log 𝑀 ln 𝑀
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑁 11. 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑀 = =
𝑁 log 𝑛 ln 𝑛
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀 12. 𝐼𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1 13. 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 𝑥
6. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0 EXAMPLE:
7. 𝐼𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑁 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑁 = 𝑀 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 4250 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1000 𝑥 4.25
8. 𝐼𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑁 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑀 = 𝑁 = log 1000 + log 4.25
= 3 + 0.6284
9. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑀 = ln 𝑀 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟒
Direct Variation
𝑥 ∝ 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦
1 𝑘
Indirect Variation 𝑥∝ 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
𝑦 𝑦
Joint Variation 𝑦 𝑘𝑦
𝑥 ∝ 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
𝑧 𝑧
𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
PROBLEM 3. SOLUTION:
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦
𝑤𝛼 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑤 = 𝑘 2
Given that w varies directly as 𝑧 𝑧
the product of x and y and 𝑤 = 4 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 3
inversely as the square of z
and that w = 4 when x = 2, y = 4=𝑘
(2)(6)
6 and z = 3. Find w when x = 32
1, y = 4 and z = 2. 𝑘=3
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2
1(4)
𝑤=3 𝑤 = (4)
22
Arithmetic Progression
Common Difference Sum of n terms
𝑛
𝑆 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 )
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 2
Nth terms
𝑛
𝑆= 𝑎 + 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 2 1
𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚 𝑑 𝑆= 2𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
PROBLEM 4. SOLUTION:
How many terms of the 𝑛
66 = 2 −9 + 𝑛 − 1 3
sequence -9, -6, -3, . . . must 2
be taken so that the sum is 132 = −18𝑛 + 3𝑛2 − 3𝑛
66?
3𝑛2 − 21𝑛 − 132 = 0
𝑛 = −4
𝑛 = 11 𝑛 = 11
PROBLEM 5. SOLUTION:
The sum of five arithmetic 𝑎1 = 34
means between 34 and 42 is: 𝑎7 = 42
7
𝑆= 34 + 42 = 266
2
266 − 34 − 42 𝑆 = 190
Geometric Progression
Common Ratio Sum of n terms
𝑎2 𝑎1 (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑑= 𝑆= when r > 1
𝑎1 𝑟−1
Nth terms 𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆= when r < 1
1−𝑟
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑟 𝑛−𝑚 𝑎1
𝑆=
1−𝑟
PROBLEM 6. SOLUTION:
𝑎1 = 4
There are 6 geometric
means between 4 and 8748. 𝑎8 = 8748
Find the sum of all terms. 𝑎8 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
8748 = 4 𝑟 8−1
𝑟=3
𝑎1 (𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 4(38 − 1)
𝑆= = 𝑆 = 13,120
𝑟−1 3−1
Harmonic Progression
A sequence of numbers in which their reciprocals forms an Arithmetic
Progression.
PROBLEM 7. SOLUTION:
Therefore, in H.P.
Their reciprocals are 1/6, the 12th term is
Find the 12th term 1/3, 1/2 which form as A.P.
of the series 6, 3, 2, . with common difference d of
.. 1/6.
1/2
1 1
𝑎12 = + 12 − 1 =2
6 6
Relationship between arithmetic, geometric and harmonic
means
