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I. Introduction and Cell Parts

Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances and interactions in living organisms. The major biochemical substances in the human body are water, inorganic salts, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Biochemistry studies the structure and function of biomolecules, informational macromolecules, and bioenergetics. Key tools used include understanding molecular structures, functions, and pathways. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, plasma membrane and more, each with distinct functions important for cellular activities.

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43 views35 pages

I. Introduction and Cell Parts

Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances and interactions in living organisms. The major biochemical substances in the human body are water, inorganic salts, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Biochemistry studies the structure and function of biomolecules, informational macromolecules, and bioenergetics. Key tools used include understanding molecular structures, functions, and pathways. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, plasma membrane and more, each with distinct functions important for cellular activities.

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Vevirly Copuz
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BIOCHEMISTRY

PREPARED BY: VEVIRLY P. CORPUZ, RPh


Biochemistry

 The study of the chemical substances


found in living organisms and the
chemical interactions of these
substances with each other
Water
BIOINORGANI (about 70%)
C Inorganic salts
SUBSTANCES (about 5%)
BIOCHEMIC
AL
Proteins
SUBSTANCE (about 15%)
S Lipids
BIOORGANIC (about 8%)
SUBSTANCES Carbohydrates
(about 2%)
Nucleic acids
(about 2%)

Mass composition data for the human body in terms of major types of
biochemical substance
Three areas to study:

1. Structural and
functional Biochemistry

2. Informational
Biochemistry

3. Bioenergetics
Tools to study biochemistry:

 Know chemical structures and reactivities of


molecules that participate in cellular reactions

 Know biological function of cellular molecules

 Know how all of the pieces and different


pathways fit together
Biomacromolecules

 Self-assembled into cellular structures and


complexes

 Recognizes and interact with one another in specific


ways to perform essential cellular functions

 Interactions are weak and reversible

 Molecules have three dimensions and shapes


ORGANISMS
Comparison of Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Cell Parts
(Structural Elements)
Eukaryotic Cell Parts
(Structural Elements)

 Outer layer of
cellulose or chitin; or
absent

Function
 Protection
 Support
Cytoskeleton

 Network of protein
filaments

Function
 Structural support
 Cell movement
Flagella and Cilia
 Cellular extensions
 Flagella - a lash-like appendage
that protrudes from the cell body of
certain bacteria and eukaryotic cells
termed as flagellates
 Cilia - are slender protuberances
that project from the much larger
cell body. 

Function
Motility or moving fluids over surfaces
Eukaryotic Cell Parts
(Plasma Membrane & Endomembrane System)
Plasma Membrane

 Lipid bilayer in which


proteins are
embedded

Functions
Regulates what passes
into and out of cell
Endoplasmic reticulum

 Network of internal
membranes

Functions
 Forms
compartments and
vesicles
 Participates in
protein and lipid
Nucleus

 Structure surrounded
by double membrane
that contains
chromosomes

Functions
 Control center of cell
 Directs protein
synthesis and cell
Golgi Apparatus

 Stacks of flattened
vesicles

Functions
 Packages proteins for
export from the cell
 Forms secretory vesicles
Lysosomes

 Vesicles derived from golgi


complex that contains
hydrolytic digestive
enzymes

Functions
 Digest worn-out organelles
and cell debris
 Play role in cell death
Peroxisomes

 Vesicles formed from


the ER containing
oxidative and other
enzymes

Function
 Isolate particular of
chemical activities from
of cell
Eukaryotic Cell Parts
(Energy-Producing Organelles)
Mitochondria

 Bacteria like filaments


with double membrane

Function
 site of oxidative
metabolism
 Provides ATP for cellular
energy
Chloroplast

 Bacteria-like organelles
found in plants and
algae
 Complex inner
membrane consists of
stacked vesicles

Functions
 Sites of photosynthesis
Eukaryotic Cell Parts
(Elements of Gene Expression)
Chromosomes

 Long threads of DNA


that form a complete
with protein

Functions
 Contain hereditary
information
Nucleolus

 Site of gene for rRNA


synthesis

Function
 Assembles
ribosomes
Ribosomes

 Small, complex
assemblies of protein
and RNA
 Often bound to
endoplasmic reticulum

Function
 Sites of protein synthesis

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