SURVEYING II (CE 6404)

CONTROL SURVEYING
UNIT I

By
Mr.R.GOPALAKRISHNAN,
Asst.Professor in Civil Engineering,
Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering.
 Syllabus

Horizontal and vertical control

methods specifications – Triangulation
– baseline instruments and
accessories corrections – satelite
stations – reduction to centre –
Trignometric levelling – single and
reciprocal observations – traversing –
Gale’s Table
Classification of surveying
 Plane Surveying
 Geotedic Surveying
Plane Surveying
Definition:
The Plane surveying is the type of
surveying in which , the curvature of the
earth is not considered and it is
considered as a plane surface. The area
surveyed should be less than 250 Sq.KM.
Geodetic surveying
Definition:
The Geodetic surveying is the type of
surveying in which , the curvature of the
earth is considered. The object of the
Geodetic surveying is to determine very
precisely the relative or absolute
positions on the earth’s surface of a
widely separated points. For larger area of
survey work ( more than 250 Sq.KM)
Cont’d

The relative positions are determined in

terms of length and azimuth of the line
joining them. The absolute positions are
determined in terms of latitude and
longitude & elevation above mean sea
level.
Cont’d
Geodetic surveying is carried out by

 Triangulation
 Precise levelling
System of Triangles
Cont’d
Cont’d
Classification of Triangulation
system

 Firstorder Triangulation system

 Second order Triangulation system
 Third order Triangulation system
First order Triangulation system

 Average triangle closure : 1 to 3 seconds

 Length of the base line: 5 to 15 KM
 Length of the side of the
triangles : 30 to 150 KM
 The degree of accuracy : 1 in 5,00,000
 Check on the base : 1 in 25,000
Second order Triangulation system
 Average triangle closure : 3 to 8 seconds
 Length of the base line: 1.5 to 5 KM
 Length of the side of the
triangles : 8 to 65 KM
 The degree of accuracy : 1 in 5,00,00
 Check on the base : 1 in 10,000
Third order Triangulation system
 Average triangle closure : 6 to 12
seconds
 Length of the base line: 0.5 to 3 KM
 Length of the side of the
triangles : 1.5 to 10
KM
 The degree of accuracy : 1 in 5,000
 Check on the base : 1 in 5,000
Routine or Process of triangulation
Survey
 Reconnaissance
 Erection of signals and towers
 Measurement of base lines
 Measurement of horizontal angles
 Computation of latitude and longitude
 Computation of all the values
Reconnaissance survey
 Examination of the place to be surveyed
 Selection of the suitable sites for base
lines
 Selection of suitable positions for
Triangulation stations
 Determination of intervisibility and
height of stations
 Selection of Triangulation stations
 Intervisibility and height of stations and it
depends on
1. The distance between the stations
2. The relative elevation of stations
3. The profile of the intervening ground
Distance between the station
If there is no obstruction due to
intervening ground , the distance of the
visible horizon from a station of known
elevation above datum is given by

h = D² / 2R ( 1-2m)
Cont’d
h= height of the station above datum
D= distance between the visible horizon
R= Mean radius of the earth
m=mean coefficient of refraction the value of
m is taken as = 0.07 for sight over land
= 0.08 over sea
h=0.574 D² ( h in feet and D in miles for
m=0.07)
h=0.06735 D² ( h in metres and D in km for
m=0.07)
Relative Elevation of station
 Cont’d
If there is no obstruction due to intervening
ground the below formula can be used.
h = D² / 2R ( 1-2m)
Where h₂ =required elevation of B above
datum
D1 =Distance from A to the point of tangency
D2 =Distance from B to the point of tangency
D =the known distance between A and B
Profile of the intervening ground
Problems
Problem 1.
The triangulation stations A and B 50KM apart, having
elevations 243m and 260m respectively. The intervening
ground may be assumed to have a uniform elevation, of
216m. Find the minimum height of the signal required at
B, so that the line of sight may not pass the near the
ground than 2.4m.
Solution:
Minimum elevation of the line of the sight =
216.0 + 2.4=218.4m
Cont’d
Assuming as a datum level
Elevation of A h₁ = 243.0 -218.4= 24.6m
The tangent distance D₁ corresponding to h₁
24.6= 0.0673
h=0.06735 D ₁ ² =19.12km
D₂ = D- D₁ = 50.0- 19.12 =30.88km

h₂ = 0.0673D₂² = 0.0673*30.88² = 64.18m

The line of sight at B = 218.4 + 64.18 = 282.58m
Ground level at B = 260 m
Minimum height of signal above the ground B is 282.58 –
260 = 22.58 say 23.0m
Towers
A tower is a structure erected over a
station for the support of the instrument
and observing party and is provided when
the station or signal or both to be
elevated.
It is made of masonry, timber, or steel.
Small height – masonry tower
Higher elevation – timber tower
Easy handling – steel tower
Signals
A signal is a device erected to define the
exact position of an observed station.
The signal may be classified as under
below.
 Day light signal or non-luminous signal
 Sun or luminous signal
 Night signal
Non-Luminous signals
Non –luminous signals – Used for sights less
than 30 Kilometres.
Under 6 km. Pole signals consisting of round
pole painted black and white in alternate
sections and supported on a tripod.
Diameter signal varies from 1.3D to 1.9D,
where D is in KM.
Height of signal in cm= 13.3D,where D is in
KM
Luminous or Sun signals:
Used when the line of sight exceeds 30km
Sun signals:
Exceeds 30km
Night signals:
Various forms of oil lamp with reflectors
less than 80km
Acetylene lamp – Upto 80km
 Phase of Signals

Phase of signal is the error of bisection,

which arises from the fact, under
illumination the signal is partly in light and
partly in shade.
 The observer sees the illuminated
portion and bisects it.
 Thus the apparent displacements of signal.
Phase correction for the signals
 Phase correction is necessary for the
following conditions.
 When the observation is made on the
bright portion
 When the observation is made on the
bright line
Phase correction in the Bright
portion
Bright portion is FD
A= Position of the observer
B= Centre of the signal
FD= visible portion of the illuminated surface
AE= line of sight
E=midpoint of FD
β = phase correction
Φ1 and Φ2=Angles which the extreme ends of the visible
portion make with AB
α = The angle which direction of the sun makes with AB
r = radius of the signal
D= Distance AB
β =r cos²α/2) / Dsin 1” seconds or 206265 * (r cos²α/2 )/D
Phase correction in the Bright line
Cont’d
β =r cosα/2) / Dsin 1” seconds or 206265
* (r cosα/2 )/D Seconds
Baseline Measurement
 Selection of site for Baseline
 Base net
 Base measurement apparatus
Rigid bars, Tapes ( steel tapes), Invar
tapes
Equipments for baseline
measurement
 Three standard tapes
 Straining device
 Spring balance or pulley
 Six thermometers
 Marking stakes
 Supporting stakes
 Steel tapes for setting out tripods
Model – colby apparatus
Corrections to length of the
baseline- Tape corrections
 Correction for absolute length
 Correction for temperature
 Correction for pull or tension
 Correction for sag
 Correction for slope
 Correction for alignment
 Reduction to sealevel
Measurement of horizontal angles
Repetition method
Direction method
Cont’d
Direction method
Ist order -16 sets
2nd order – 4 sets
3rd order – 2 sets
Satellite Station & Reduction to
centre
In order to better visibility, objects such as
church spires, flagpoles sometimes selected as
the Triangulation stations. The observations are
taken from such a station, it is impossible to set
up an instrument over it. In such a case a
satellite station or false station is selected as
near to the main station. The observations are
taken to other triangulation stations with the
same precision as in the case of True stations.
The operation of applying the corrections due
to the eccentricity is generally known as
Reduction Centre.
Cont’d
The distance between the True station
and the Satellite station is determined
either by Trignometrical levelling or
triangulation. These stations should be
avoided as far as possible in Primary
Triangulation.
Cont’d (Fig 1)
Cont’d
The above expressions for the true angle α
does not cover all the four possible cases
There are four different positions of
satellite station.
Case I: Referring Fig 1
The true angle α = Ө + β₁ - β₂
Cont’d
 Case II: The position of S right of B
 The true angle α = Angle AOC - β₁
α = = (Ө + β₂) - β₁
Cont’d
 Case III: The position of S between AC and B
The true angle
α = Ө - β₂ - β₁
Cont’d
 Case IV: The position of S is at the end
The true angle
α = Ө - β₂ - β₁
Sign of Corrections
When number of angles are observed from the Satellite S it is
convenient to assume SB as an Arbitrary meridian.,
Observations are reduced to this meridian corrections are
computed from below formula.
β in seconds = d sin Ө / D sin 1″
it is convenient
Cont’d
Ө = observed angle reduced to assumed
meridian.
D = distance from the True station to
assumed meridian.
β ( the sign will be same as that of sin Ө)
Eccentricity of signals
Observations are made upon a signal
which is out of centre, it is essential to
correct the angles.
β₁ = d sin (Ө + γ) / c sin1”
β2 = d sin γ / a sin1”
 Problems on satelite station
Prob.1:
From an eccentric station S, 12.25m to the west of the main
station B, the following angles were measured.
Angle BSC =76° 25’ 32”, angle CSA = 54° 32’ 20”, the stations
S and C are to the opposite sides of the line AB. Calculate the
correct angle ABC if the lengths AB and AC are 5286.5 and
4932.2 metres respectively.
Soln:
Referring Fig 1 AB = c = 5286.5 m
BC = a = 4932.2 m
BS = d = 12.25 m
Cont’d
Prob.3. From a satellite station S, 5.8m from the main
triangulation station A, the following directions were
observed. Length AB = 3265.5, AC = 4022.2 AD =
3086.4m determine the directions of AB and AC, AD.

A 0° 0’ 0”
B 132° 18’ 30”
C 232° 24’ 6”
D 296° 6’ 11”
For line AB:
Ө = Angle reduced to the direction of SA
= 132° 18’ 30”
d = AS = 5.8m , D = AB = 3265.5 m
β = (d sin Ө / D sin 1” ) * 206625 seconds
= 270.9” = 4° 30.9” ( Direction of AB = Direction of SB +
β = 132° 23’ 0.9”
For line AC: Direction of AC = 232° 20’ 4.3”
For line AD : Direction of AD = 296° 0’ 22.9”
Trignometrical Levelling
Trignometrical levelling is the process of
determining the differences of elevations
of stations from observed vertical angles
and known distances, which are assumed
to be either horizontal or geodetic
lengths at mean sea level. The vertical
angles may be measured by using
theodolite and horizontal distances may
be measured by tape or chain.
Cont’d
Trignometrical levelling can be classified as
1. Observations for height and distances
2. Geodetical observations
Heights and distances :
1. Base of the object accessible
2. Base of the object inaccessible (Instrument
stations in the same vertical plane)
3. Base of the object inaccessible (Instrument
stations not in the same vertical plane)
Base of the object accessible
RL of Q = RL of P + s + Dtanα (applied when
D is small)
Base of the object accessible – D is large –
Combined of correction of curvature and
refraction considered
Cont’d
PQ’ = QP” = D
Angle QQ’P = 90 ̊
QQ’ = Dtanα
The true difference in elevation between P and Q is
QQ”
Combined correction for curvature and refraction =
Q’Q” added to QQ’ and will get the true difference
in elevation QQ”
C = 0.0673 D²
RL of Q = RL of BM + S + Dtanα + C ( Use + for
elevation, - for depression)
Base of the object Inaccessible (Instrument
station in the same vertical plane- Axis at
the same level)
Cont’d
Let h = QQ’
α1 = Angle of elevation from A at Q
α2 = Angle of elevation from B at Q
B = horizontal distance between the instrument station
D = horizontal distance between P and Q
∆ AQQ’ = h = D tanα1
∆ BQQ’ = h = ( b+D) tanα2
D tanα1 = ( b+D) tanα2
D = btanα2 / (tanα1 – tanα2)
h= D tanα1
h= b tan α1 tanα2 / (tanα1 – tanα2)
Cont’d (Instrument axis at different
levels)
Cont’d
Instrument axis at different levels –
Cont’d
Cont’d
Instrument axis at very different levels
Cont’d
 Cont’d
D = btanα2 – S/ (tanα1 – tanα2)
h1 = Dtanα1
= (btanα2 – S) tanα1/ (tanα1 – tanα2)
Height of the station P above the axis at B= h – r
= btanα – r
Height of the station A above the axis at B= S=
= btanα – r + h’
Substitute S = (b + D)tanα2 – Dtanα1
RL of Q = RL of A + h1
RL of Q = RL of B + S + h1
TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION
Cont’d
Correction for refraction (r) towards the point of
elevation = α1 – r
Correction for refraction (r) towards the point of
depression = β1 + r (Correction for refraction is
subtractive and additive tothe angle of depression)
Co-efficient of refraction (m): It is the ratio of
angle of
Refraction and the angle subtended at the centre of
the earth by the distance over which observation are
taken.
m = r / Φ ( Values varies from 0.06 to
0.08)
Cont’d
Determination of correction for refraction (r) – Distance d small and H large
r =( Φ/ 2) – (β1 – α1)/2
Substituing r = m Φ
Β1 = α1 + Φ(1-2m), thus the observed angles of depression exceeds the
angle of elevation by the amount of Φ(1-2m)
Determination of correction for refraction (r) – Distance d large and H small
r =( Φ/ 2) – (β1 + α1)/2 which reduces to
(β1 + α1) = Φ(1-2m)
Correction for curvature:
Correction for curvature is Ө/2 for angle of elevation and –Ө / 2 for angle of
depression
Combined correction:
Angular correction of refraction = mӨ = md/ R sin 1” Seconds
Hence, combined angular correction = { d/ 2Rsin 1” – md/ Rsin 1”}
= (1-2m)d/ 2Rsin 1”
The combined correction is positive for angles of elevation and negative for
angles of depression.
.