ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARK DAVID OPELINIA

 INTRODUCTION
• Countries in the developed world are struggling to
maintain their level of growth and economic stability, but
are facing significant headwinds brought on by years of
growth that was fueled by debt.
• high growth rates and a seemingly insatiable demand for energy and
natural resources.
• high consumption of rates, natural resources are becoming depleted
and the use of carbon producing fuel sources is causing significant
harm to the enviromnent.
COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING ENERGY USE
• Most of the people spends 90% of
their time indoors.
• Commercial buildings comsumes
almost 20% of the energy produces
in the US.
• Both commercial and residential
building produce about 11% of the
greenhouse gas emissions.
 EMS
• For energy producer EMS is a matter of managing energy
generation and energy supply, and efficiently meeting the
demands of the energy users who are their customers.
• For energy users EMS can be described as the sum of
measures planned and carried out to achieve the
objective of using the minimum possible energy while the
comfort levels and the production rate are maintained.
 THE IMPORTANT THING TO REMEMBER ABOUT
ENERGY MANAGEMENT IS THAT COMFORT AND
PRODUCTION LEVELS REMAIN SOMEWHAT THE SAME
AS BEFORE ANY ENERGY WAS CONSERVED
TOPIC 1: ENERGY
ENERGY is the capacity for • Two Classification of
doing work Sources of Energy
– Renewable Energy
– Non-Renewable Energy
• Renewable Energy • Non Renewable Energy
– it means anything which – it means something which
can be replaced easily; it can be replaced up to a
has an endless supply limited period after which its
supply runs out
 TYPES OF ENERGY SOURCES
• Hydroelectricity
– is the production of
electrical power through the
use of the gravitational
force of falling water or
flowing water.
• Pros of Hydroelecticity
– Can generate electricity
– Can do mechanical work
– No greenhouse gases
– Initial construction provides jobs.
• Cons of Hydroelectricity
– Flooding the land
– Displacement of local inhabitants
– Local climatic changes
– Tectonic activities
– Loss of species (aquatic and terrestrial)
– Loss of normal nutrient flow down river
– Changes temperature of water
• Geothermal Electricity
– it refers to the energy
conversion of geothermal
energy to electric energy
• Pros of Geothermal • Cons of Geothermal
Energy Energy
– Can be used for electricity – Same problems as we see
generation, space heating, with oil drilling
cooking and low – Localized distribution
temperature industrial
– Inexpensive after initial
layout
– No greenhouse gas
emission
• Wind electricity
– the power produced by a
wind is proportional to the
kinetic energy of the wind
captured by the wind
turbine

where Wmax = 3.29kW

• Mechanical Power • Electrical Power Windmills
Windmills – High speed, low torque
– High torque, low-speed to machines.
pump water, grind grain, – Will turn themselves off if
saw wood. wind speed exceeds their
limits.
• Pros of Wind Power
– No greenhouse gases
– Few other pollutants
– Cheap
– Abundant
– Simple
• Cons of WindPower
– Some noise pollution
– Metal blades interfere with TV and radio reception
– Aesthetic pollution
– No evidence for bird death, but can kill bats
• Ocean Thermal Energy
conversion
– it uses the difference
between cooler deep and
warmer shallow or surface
ocean waters run a heat
engine and produce useful
work, usually in the form of
electricity
 Solar Power
• Active Solar Power • Passive Solar Power
– This also refers to electrical – Works on the principle that
generation using solar hot air rises and cool air
power sinks
– Two ways to do this are – Solar heats air and it moves
photovoltaic cells and huge through convection through
commercial electric facilities the structure or to thermal
– The PV panels are on the mass
roof
 Solar Power History
• 1767, First solar collector reaching 230 oF.
• 1878, Solar powered ice maker.
• Solar power furnace was used by Lavoisier to discover
elements, particularly nitrogen.
• Solar power water distillation used by French Foreign
Legion and still used today.
 Pros of Solar Power
• Abundant
• No greenhouse gases, few
other pollutants
• Simple, minimal repair
needed
• Cheap over the long term
 Cons of Solar Power
• Retrofitting needed if structure is not already designed
as passive solar power
• Has limitations, night, some locations better such as
south rather than north facing slopes
• Initial capital outlay can be high
 APPROACHES
• ENERGY
CONSERVATION
– Efforts that are made to
reduce energy consumption
through economy,
elimination of waste, or
more rational use.
 WHY?
• Demand Exceed Supply • Energy Saved is Energy
– there is an increasing Generated
demand for energy due to – imagine that there is a
increasing population, energy bank. whatever
industrialisation, traffic on energy you save in your
roads and automation in daily activities gets
home, office and farms. accumulated in this energy
1) Increase the supply bank so that you can use it
2) Reduce the demand in future.
• Fuels are LIMITED
– fuels are the most common
sources of energy and you
have already learnt that the
deposits of coal, gas and oil
are limited.
 HOW?
• HOME
• FARM /OFFICES
• AT THE ROAD
• Use of CFL lights or LED • Lower the Room
lights because it last 10x temperature
longer than incandescent
bulbs
• Fix Air Leaks • Use Maximum Daylight
• Get Energy Audit Done • Use Energy Efficient
Appliances
• Drive Less and Walk More • Switch off Appliances
when Not in Use
• Plant Shady Landscaping • Install Energy Efficient
Windows
• Energy Recovery
– the reuse of by product of a
system for use as input
energy for another system.
• There are two types of
technologies used
generally for converting
waste streams into
energy; thermal and
biological
• Thermal - is the • Biological - anaerobic
conversion of non digestion of the organic
recyclable waste materials fraction provides
into useable heat, engineered and highly
electricity, or fuel through a controlled process of
variety of processes, capturing methane
including combustion,
gasification, pyrolization
and landfill gas (LFG)
recovery
 For Thermal
• PYROLYSIS
– Pyrolysis is the term given to the thermal degradation of wood in
the absence of oxygen. It enables biomass to be converted to a
combination of solid char, gas and a liquid bio-oil. Pyrolysis
technologies are generally categorized as “fast” or “slow”
according to the time taken for processing the feed into
pyrolysis products. These products are generated in roughly
equal proportions with slow pyrolysis. Using fast pyrolysis, bio-
oil yield can be as high as 80 percent of the product on a dry
fuel basis.
• GASIFICATION
– Gasification of biomass takes place in a restricted supply of
oxygen and occurs through initial devolatilization of the
biomass, combustion of the volatile material and char, and
further reduction to produce a fuel gas rich in carbon
monoxide and hydrogen. This combustible gas has a lower
calorific value than natural gas but can still be used as fuel for
boilers, for engines, and potentially for combustion turbines
after cleaning the gas stream of tars and particulates. If
gasifiers are ‘air blown’, atmospheric nitrogen dilutes the fuel
gas to a level of 10-14 percent that of the calorific value of
natural gas.
• COMBUSTION
– Conventional combustion technologies raise steam through the
combustion of biomass. This steam may then be expanded
through a conventional turbo-alternator to produce electricity. A
number of combustion technology variants have been
developed. Underfeed stokers are suitable for small scale
boilers up to 6 MWth. Grate type boilers are widely deployed.
They have relatively low investment costs, low operating costs
and good operation at partial loads. However, they can have
higher NOx emissions and decreased efficiencies due to the
requirement of excess air, and they have lower efficiencies.
• LIQUEFACTION
– Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermal depolymerization
process used to convert wet biomass into crude-like oil
-sometimes referred to as bio-oil or biocrude- under moderate
temperature and high pressure. The crude-like oil (or bio-oil) has
high energy density with a lower heating value of 33.8-36.9 MJ/kg
and 5-20 wt% oxygen and renewable chemicals.
• PELLETIZING • BRIQUETTING
– Pelletizing is the process of – A mechanical briquetting press
compressing or molding a is built like an eccentric press.
material into the shape of a A constantly rotating eccentric
pellet. A wide range of connected to a press piston
different materials are presses the raw material
pelletized including through a tapered die where
chemicals, iron ore, animal the briquette is formed. The
compound feed, and more, tapered die is connected to an
however, here only extension die that keep the
mentioned in relation to shape of the briquette. Large
biomass. flywheels secure a very quiet
and balanced operation.
• Energy substitution
– the substitution of one
energy source or fuel type
for a more economical or
less polluting energy
source or fuel type.
TOPIC 2: INTRODUCTION
• An energy management system (EMS) is a system of
computer-aided tools used by operators of
electric utility grids to monitor, control, and optimize the
performance of the generation and/or transmission
system. Also, it could be used in small scale systems like
microgrids.
• Energy management systems are also often commonly
used by individual commercial entities to monitor,
measure, and control their electrical building loads.
• Energy management systems can be used to centrally
control devices like HVAC units and lighting systems
across multiple locations, such as retail, grocery and
restaurant sites.
• Energy management systems can also provide metering,
submetering, and monitoring functions that allow facility
and building managers to gather data and insight that
allows them to make more informed decisions about
energy activities across their sites.
TOPIC 3: FUNCTIONALITY OF EMS
• There are many different types of energy management
systems as there are companies providing them.
• Not every energy management system is right or
applicable to every business, industry or building.
 List of Energy Management System
Functionality
• Advanced Building Analytics
– The analysis of a building's performance using more in depth
data from sub-meters, building components, and outside
sources including weather data.
– Advanced analytics can include real time data acquisition and
processing to automatically detect and correct building
performance issues, patterns and faults
– Advanced analytic solutions may also be integrated with other
systems in an organization to provide an enterprise wide view of
energy related spending including maintenance, preventive
maintenance, carbon emissions and ROI
• AMI Data analysis
– Advanced Metering Infrastracture (AMI) data is acquired from
a utility at certain time intervals (e.g 15 minutes) to allow for a
more granular understanding of a building's energy
consumption.
• AUTODR
– Automated Demand Response (AutoDR) allows to automated
control of a buildings components or systems so that energy
consumption can be automatically curtailed during peak load
events.
• Automated Building Control
– the ability of a building energy management system to actively
interact with a building's components and systems
• Basic Energy Information Portal
– a website or standalone accessible place that displays basic
energy consumption information for a property. It can include
educational and other energy savings tips and suggestions.
• Basic Retrofit Programs
– Generally low cost equipment replacement programs
designed to make a business more energy efficient
• Behavioral and Educational Energy Saving
Suggestion
– basic energy related suggestions and tips designed to teach
building occupants how to easily and inexpensively conserve
energy through modified behaviors.
• Benchmarking
– comparison of an entity's historical and current energy
consumption with itself and other similar entities by size and
geographic. Benchmarking is generally the first step in
understanding the relative and on-going performance of a
building.
• Building Optimization
– Functionality that enables the building energy management
system to interact with the building's system, optimizing their
integrated performance within the building on a real time, or
near real time basis.
• Continuous Commissioning
– Ongoing analysis of a building's performance to assure that it
is operating as designed.
• Continuous Optimization
– automated building controls that continually adjust a building's
components and setting so that it operates in an integrated
manner at the highest efficiency levels.
• Deeper Retrofit Programs
– Replacement of a building's operational components to
make the building operate more efficiently. Deeper retrofit
programs are often more capital, time, and resource intensive,
and required replacement of some of the main components of a
building, such as the HVAC system, windows, insulation, and/or
the building envelope.
• Demand Response
– The reduction of end use electrical consumption in
response to high electricity prices, system resource
capacity needs, or system reliability events. This reduction
can be achieved through curtailment or generation. Some
energy management systems have integrated demand
response functionality to manage demand response events.
• Energy Dashboard
– A virtual and visual representation of an entity's energy
consumption data intended to turn the data into information
that can be understood relatively quickly.
• Energy Kiosk
– A publicly placed energy information portal for a site or group
of sites intended to give building occupants visibility into the
energy consumption of the site or group of sites.
• Energy Monitoring
– The regular collection of energy related data so that energy
consumption can be understood, and anomalies can be
investigated.
• Enterprise Integration
– Integration of building energy management system data and
information with other enterprise level IT systems so that
these systems can interact for additional organization level
understanding and coordination.
• Historical Billing Data
– Basic energy analysis performed using historical billing data
• Incentive Availability
– A building energy management system capability that identifies
the availability of utility demand management or energy
efficiency programs for specific entity in a specific location.
• Maintenance Management
– automation of a building's maintenance and preventive
maintenance schedule.
• Measurement and Verification
– The process associated with ensuring a particular energy
efficiency measure or system improvement is producing the
expected results. M&V is a critical component of determining
the success and return of investment (ROI) of particular
energy efficiency project or EMS.
• NOC Availabilty
– a Network Operations Center (NOC) allows BEMS clients
access to building efficiency personnel and expertise for
general problem resolution. Some vendor NOC's provide 24/7
monitoring of a building's systems so that alerts and problems
can be dealt with appropriately and immediately if necessary.
• Notifications and Alerts
– BEMS functionality that notifies a building owner/operator of
building maintenance needs, faulty equipment, or operational
set points that need adjustment.
• Predictive Analytics
– the use of algorithms or data processing functionality to
anticipate optimal building settings for upcoming events that will
affect building performance.
• Preventive Maintence
– Some EMS’s have the capability to detect when building
components are drifting from their ideal settings or
performance. In these situations, the EMS can identify
preventative maintenance actions that will bring the component
or building back in line. In general, preventative maintenance is
less costly than a “break/fix” approach to maintenance, and it
may also prevent significant business disruption
• Retro-Commissioning
– the application of the commissioning process to an existing
building.
• Trouble Ticket Management
– Automation and tracking of maintenance and repair action
items, at times coordinated with outside maintenance firms.
TOPIC 4: THE DECISION PROCESS
• The first gauge of the type of EMS that should be chosen
is the energy spend of the facility or facilities in question.
Ultimately, energy spend will determine the return on
investment that is possible, this must be in acceptable
ranges for the company making the decision.
• Building size determines a host of
details of an energy management
system’s usefulness and
appropriateness. The size of a building
generally can determine the overall
energy spend, the types of equipment
that is installed to heat and cool the
building, the number of occupants, etc.
Generally, the larger the building, the
more sophisticated the EMS can be.
• Energy Spend - The monthly or annual energy
spend of a company or building is one of the
first determinants of selecting an EMS.
Sophisticated and expensive systems are not
appropriate for small buildings that use little
energy. The savings from the EMS can’t
overcome the initial and ongoing costs, and
ROI and payback won’t meet acceptable levels.
The greater the energy spend, the more
sophisticated (and expensive) the EMS can be
as the savings created by the EMS will produce
a more acceptable ROI and payback period.
• Geographic location generally determines
climate related effects on energy consumption.
For example, the extremes of hot summers in
southern locations and cold winters in northern
locations significantly affect a building’s energy
spend. In any case, an EMS that can
effectively deal with weather related energy
effects on a building (including demand
response, where applicable) should be a
consideration for certain size properties.
• Number of Sites - Having an EMS
for one building is different than
procuring one for a campus or
portfolio of buildings. When more
than one building is involved, it
should be a consideration that the
EMS can “roll up” and summarize the
data from all sites as well as make
comparisons of individual buildings.
• Geographical Dispersion of Buildings - If
there is more than one building, the
dispersion of those buildings is an important
consideration. Campuses of buildings can be
located relatively close to one another, while
national chains can be widely dispersed. The
main consideration here is if the EMS in
question can acquire and manage data from
a number of buildings based on their
proximity to each other.
• Building use can determine the
requirements for an EMS. A
warehouse has different
requirements than an office
building which must consider
things like occupant comfort. Data
centers have different needs than
office buildings, hospitals, or
schools...and so on.
• Occupancy is a factor in a building’s
energy consumption. Occupant comfort
while still managing energy is one of the
most important considerations for selecting
an EMS. Un-occupied spaces can create
misleading information regarding a building
(e.g. less energy use than “normal”), so the
EMS should be able to normalize energy
spend based on occupancy, or determine
the energy intensity of the building.
• Intended Use of System - Intended EMS use
affects the choice of system in many ways. This
should be discussed at length prior to making the
EMS choice. Some companies may just want
better visibility into their energy consumption
while not needing the sophistication and
capabilities that some EMS’s contain. Other
businesses may face situations where an EMS is
a critical component of their business...such as a
laboratory or hospital where the inside
environment of the building may be critical for
safety reasons.
• Type of Building - Older
buildings are different than new
buildings. There are a host of
considerations to be made based
on the building type including the
equipment that is installed,
insulation, windows, lighting,
digital capability vs. pneumatic,
etc.
• Business Risk - Some businesses have more
business risk related to energy supply and
consumption than others. Examples of this include
hospitals and data centers versus a warehouse or
even office buildings. Data centers rely on stable
power supply and also effective and precise
temperature control within the center. Critical data
system failures can occur if the HVAC system is
not operating correctly. In these situations, an
EMS that has precise control and even predictive
analytics may be necessary to support the mission
critical systems of the business.
• Responsibility - An EMS must actually be used to
be worth anything to a company or building owner.
Resources must be available and assigned to utilize
the system to its full capabilities. Additionally, EMS’s
generally can make recommendations for repairs or
preventative maintenance procedures. Resources
must be available to schedule and perform this
work, or to call a service company to have the
recommendation addressed. It is not uncommon in
today’s economic environment to see EMS’s go
unused or underused. Responsibilities should be
assigned or understood prior to making an EMS
decision.
• Knowledge Base - Not only must there
be resources to operate the system,
these resources must have the capability
to understand how to use it and
determine what the EMS is actually
saying. For some of the simpler EMS’s on
the market, this may not be an issue. For
larger and more sophisticated buildings
and EMS’s, appropriate personnel must
be trained or assigned to work with the
EMS.
• Organization Maturity - An EMS is a technology-
based system (in one definition), but it is also an
organizational competency. Immature organizations
(with regard to structured processes and procedures)
may find themselves disorganized and working in an
ad hoc manner regarding energy management
initiatives. This can be detrimental to the overall
effectiveness of the EMS resulting in less energy
savings and reduced ROI/payback. More mature
organizations will necessarily have repeatable
processes in place to afford the most effective use of
the EMS and the energy management program that is
in place.
• Financial Consideration - Although
many of the above EMS considerations
are deemed important to the decision
process, the reality is that the selection
process ultimately boils down to the
numbers. Does this EMS make financial
sense to the company? What is the return
on investment that this EMS will provide,
and how long will it take to pay back the
initial and ongoing costs related to the
system.
TOPIC 5: COMPANY/BUILDING SIZE
• Not all company need to go through an extensive process
for acquiring EMS. Small companies do not have the
resources, skill levels, or need to operate a sophisticated
EMS, nor do they have resources necessary to pay for
one of the advanced systems. Still, they can find a
system that is appropriate for their situation. In general,
the larger the company, building, or energy spend the
more advanced EMS can be, and the more realistic it is
for the company to utilize the EMS's full capacities, while
earning acceptable ROI.
• Small companies/buildings (<25,000 sq.ft., <100
employees)
– this can essentially be treated in much the same manner as
residential electricity users.
– Small companies don't have the time, resources or training to
perform anything but the most basic energy efficiency tasks,
and generally, their energy spend doesn't warrant much more
than that anyway.
• Medium Size Companies/Buildings (25,000 - 150,000
sq. ft, 100 - 500 employees)
– it may still have limited resources to work very deeply with
energy initiatives to work very deeply with energy initiatives, but
others may be as sophisticated and have enough available
resources to utilize more advanced EMS technology
• Large Companies/ Buildings (> 150,000 sq. ft., 500+
employees)
– Significant savings can be achieved in larger buildings, and
these savings can positively and some times dramatically affect
the bottom line of the business.
– The most promising way to proceed is to address the energy
efficiency initiative in a holistic manner. Many times in a
portfolio of buildings there is a variety of different building
components (HVAC etc.) with varying levels of available data
and different types of building communication protocols. It is
also possiblethat there are already different EMS installed in
the buildings.