Lecture 1

January 17, 2006

 In this lecture
 Types of tanks
 IS codes on tanks
 Modeling of liquid

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 2
 Types of tanks
 Two categories
 Ground supported tanks
 Also called at-grade tanks; Ground Service Reservoirs (GSR)

 Elevated tanks
 Also called overhead tanks; Elevated Service Reservoirs (ESR)

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 3
 Types of tanks

 Ground supported tanks

 Shape: Circular or Rectangular
 Material : RC, Prestressed Concrete, Steel
 These are ground supported vertical tanks
 Horizontal tanks are not considered in this course

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 4
 Types of tanks

 Elevated tanks
Two parts:
 Container
 Staging (Supporting tower)

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 5
 Types of tanks

 Elevated tanks
Container:
 Material: RC, Steel, Polymer
 Shape : Circular, Rectangular, Intze, Funnel, etc.
Staging:
 RC or Steel frame
 RC shaft
 Brick or masonry shafts
 Railways often use elevated tanks with steel frame staging
 Now-a-days, tanks on brick or stone masonry shafts are not
constructed

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 6
 Use of tanks
 Water distribution systems use ground
supported and elevated tanks of RC & steel

 Petrochemical industries use ground supported

steel tanks

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 7
 Indian Codes on Tanks
 IS 3370:1965/1967 (Parts I to IV)
 For concrete (reinforced and prestressed) tanks
 Gives design forces for container due to
hydrostatic loads
 Based on working stress design
 BIS is considering its revision

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 8
 Indian Codes on Tanks

 IS 11682:1985
 For RC staging of overhead tanks
 Gives guidelines for layout & analysis of staging
 More about this code later

 IS 803:1976
 For circular steel oil storage tanks

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 9
 Indian Codes on Tanks

 IS 1893:1984
 Gives seismic design provisions
 Covers elevated tanks only
 Is under revision
 More about other limitations, later

 IS 1893 (Part 1):2002 is for buildings only

 Can not be used for tanks

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 10
 Hydrodynamic Pressure
 Under static condition, liquid applies pressure on
container.
 This is hydrostatic pressure
 During base excitation, liquid exerts additional
pressure on wall and base.
 This is hydrodynamic pressure
 This is in additional to the hydrostatic pressure

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 11
 Hydrodynamic pressure

 Hydrostatic pressure
 Varies linearly with depth of liquid
 Acts normal to the surface of the container
 At depth h from liquid top, hydrostatic pressure =
h

h

Hydrostatic pressure
 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 12
 Hydrodynamic pressure

 Hydrodynamic pressure
 Has curvilinear variation along wall height
 Its direction is opposite to base motion

Hydrodynamic pressure

Base motion
 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 13
 Hydrodynamic pressure

 Summation of pressure along entire wall surface

gives total force caused by liquid pressure
 Net hydrostatic force on container wall is zero
 Net hydrodynamic force is not zero

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 14
 Hydrodynamic pressure

Circular tanks (Plan View)

Hydrostatic pressure Hydrodynamic pressure

Base motion
Net resultant force = zero Net resultant force ≠ zero

Note:- Hydrostatic pressure is axisymmetric; hydrodynamic is asymmetric

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 15
 Hydrodynamic pressure

Rectangular tanks (Plan View)

Hydrostatic pressure Hydrodynamic pressure

Base motion

Net resultant force = zero Net resultant force ≠ zero

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 16
 Hydrodynamic pressure

 Static design: Hydrostatic pressure is considered

 Hydrostatic pressure induces hoop forces and
bending moments in wall
 IS 3370 gives design forces for circular and
rectangular tanks
 Net hydrostatic force is zero on container wall
 Hence, causes no overturning moment on
foundation or staging
 Thus, hydrostatic pressure affects container
design only and not the staging or the
foundation

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 17
 Hydrodynamic pressure

 Seismic design: Hydrodynamic pressure is

considered
 Net hydrodynamic force on the container is not
zero
 Affects design of container, staging and
foundation

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 18
 Hydrodynamic pressure

 Procedure for hydrodynamic pressure & force:

 Very simple and elegant
 Based on classical work of Housner (1963a)
 Housner, G. W., 1963a, “Dynamic analysis of fluids in
containers subjected to acceleration”, Nuclear Reactors and
Earthquakes, Report No. TID 7024, U. S. Atomic Energy
Commission, Washington D.C.
 We need not go in all the details
 Only basics and procedural aspects are
explained in next few slides

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 19
 Modeling of liquid
 Liquid in bottom portion of the container moves with
wall
 This is called impulsive liquid
 Liquid in top portion undergoes sloshing and moves
relative to wall
 This is called convective liquid or sloshing liquid

Convective liquid
(moves relative to tank wall)

Impulsive liquid
(moves with tank wall)

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 20
 Modeling of liquid

 Impulsive liquid
 Moves with wall; rigidly attached
 Has same acceleration as wall
 Convective liquid
 Also called sloshing liquid
 Moves relative to wall
 Has different acceleration than wall
 Impulsive & convective liquid exert pressure on
wall
 Nature of pressure is different
 See next slide

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 21
 Modeling of liquid

Impulsive Convective
Base motion Base motion

Hydrodynamic pressure

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 22
 Modeling of liquid

 At this point, we will not go into details of

hydrodynamic pressure distribution
 Rather, we will first find hydrodynamic forces
 Impulsive force is summation of impulsive
pressure on entire wall surface
 Similarly, convective force is summation of
convective pressure on entire wall surface

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 23
 Modeling of liquid

 Total liquid mass, m, gets divided into two parts:

 Impulsive liquid mass, mi
 Convective liquid mass, mc

 Impulsive force = mi x acceleration

 Convective force = mc x acceleration
 mi & mc experience different accelerations
 Value of accelerations will be discussed later
 First we will find mi and mc

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 24
 Modeling of liquid

 Housner suggested graphs for mi and mc

 mi and mc depend on aspect ratio of tanks
 Such graphs are available for circular &
rectangular tanks
 See Fig. 2a and 3a of Guidelines
 Also see next slide
 For taller tanks (h/D or h/L higher), mi as fraction
of m is more
 For short tanks, mc as fraction of m is more

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 25
 Modeling of liquid

1 1

mi/m mi/m

0.5 0.5

mc /m
mc /m

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 h/L
h/D

For circular tanks For rectangular tanks

 See next slide for definition of h, D, and L

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 26
 Modeling of liquid

D
h

Plan of Circular tank

Elevation
Base motion

L L

Base motion
Plan of Rectangular tank

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 27
 Modeling of liquid

Example 1:
A circular tank with internal diameter of 8 m, stores 3 m height
of water. Find impulsive and convective water mass.
Solution:
Total volume of liquid = /4 x 82 x 3 = 150.8 m3
 Total liquid mass, m = 150.8 x 1.0 = 150.8 t

Note:- mass density of water is 1000 kg/m3; weight density of water is

9.81 x 1000 = 9810 N/m3.

D = 8 m, h = 3 m
 h/D = 3/8 = 0.375.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 28
 1

mi/m

0.5
mc /m

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
h/D

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 29
 Modeling of liquid

From graph, for h/D = 0.375

mi/m = 0.42 and mc/m = 0.56

mi = 0.42 x 150.8 = 63.3 t and

mc = 0.56 x 150.8 = 84.5 t

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 30
 Modeling of liquid

 Impulsive liquid is rigidly attached to wall

 Convective liquid moves relative to wall
 As if, attached to wall with springs

Kc/2 Kc/2 Convective liquid

mc (moves relative to wall)

Rigid m Impulsive liquid

i (moves with wall)

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 31
 Modeling of liquid

 Stiffness associated with convective mass, Kc

 Kc depends on aspect ratio of tank
 Can be obtained from graph
 Refer Fig. 2a, 3a of guidelines
 See next slide

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 32
 Modeling of liquid

1
Kch/mg

mi/m

0.5

mc/m

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
h/D

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 33
 Modeling of liquid

Example 2:
A circular tank with internal diameter of 8 m, stores 3 m height
of water. Find Kc.
Solution:
Total liquid mass, m = 150.8 t (from Example 1)
= 150.8 x 1000 = 150800 kg
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
D = 8 m, h = 3m
 h/D = 3/8 = 0.375. From graph, for h/D = 0.375;
Kc h/mg = 0.65

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 34
 Modeling of liquid

1
Kch/mg

mi/m

0.5

mc/m

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
h/D
Kc = 0.65 mg/h
 Kc = 0.65 x150800 x 9.81/3.0 = 320,525.4 N/m

Note: - Unit of m is kg, hence unit of Kc is N/m. If we take m in ton, then

unit of Kc will be kN/m.
 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 35
 Modeling of liquid

 Now, we know liquid masses mi and mc

 Next, we need to know where these are
attached with the wall
 Like floor mass in building acts at centre of
gravity (or mass center) of floor
 Location of mi and mc is needed to obtain
overturning effects
 Impulsive mass acts at centroid of impulsive
pressure diagram
 Similarly, convective mass

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 36
 Modeling of liquid

 Impulsive mass acts at centroid of impulsive

pressure diagram
 Location of centroid:
 Obtained by dividing the moment due to
pressure distribution by the magnitude of
impulsive force
 Similarly, location of convective mass is obtained
 See next slide

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 37
 Modeling of liquid
Resultant of impulsive Resultant of convective
pressure on wall pressure on wall

hc

hi

 hi, hc can be obtained from graphs

 They also depend on aspect ratio, h/D or h/L
 Refer Fig. 2b, 3b of guidelines
 See next slide

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 38
 Modeling of liquid

1 1

0.8 0.8
hc/h hc/h
0.6 0.6
hi/h hi/h
0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 h/D 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.5 1 h/L 1.5 2

For circular tanks For rectangular tanks

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 39
 Modeling of liquid

Example 3:
A circular tank with internal diameter of 8 m, stores 3 m
height of water. Find hi and hc.
Solution:
D = 8 m, h = 3m
 h/D = 3/8 = 0.375.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 40
 1

0.8
hc/h

0.6

hi/h
0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 h/D 1.5 2

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 41
 Modeling of liquid

From graph, for h/D = 0.375;

hi/h = 0.375
hi = 0.375 x 3 = 1.125 m
and hc/h = 0.55
hc = 0.55 x 3 = 1.65 m

Note :- Since convective pressure is more in top portion, hc > hi.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 42
 Modeling of liquid

 Hydrodynamic pressure also acts on base

 Under static condition, base is subjected to
uniformly distributed pressure
 Due to base motion, liquid exerts nonuniform
pressure on base
 This is in addition to the hydrostatic pressure on the base
 See next slide

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 43
 Modeling of liquid

Base motion

Hydrostatic pressure on base Hydrodynamic pressure on base

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 44
 Modeling of liquid

 Impulsive as well as convective liquid cause

nonuniform pressure on base
 Nonuniform pressure on base causes overturning
effect
 This will be in addition to overturning effect of
hydrodynamic pressure on wall
 See next slide

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 45
 Modeling of liquid

hi

Overturning effect Overturning effect

due to wall pressure due to base pressure

Note:- Both the overturning effects are in the same direction

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 46
 Modeling of liquid

 Total overturning effect of wall and base

pressure is obtained by applying resultant of
wall pressure at height, hi* and hc*.
• In place of hi and hc discussed earlier
 For overturning effect due to wall pressure alone,

resultant was applied at hi

 For hi and hi , see next slide
*

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 47
 Modeling of liquid

h*i
hi

Location of resultant of wall Location of Resultant of wall

pressure when effect of base pressure when effect of base
pressure is not included pressure is also included

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 48
 Modeling of liquid

 Similarly, hc and hc* are defined

h*c
hc

Location of resultant of wall

pressure when effect of base
Location of Resultant of wall
pressure is not included
pressure when effect of base
pressure is also included

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 49
 Modeling of liquid

 hi and hi* are such that

 Moment due to impulsive pressure on walls only = Impulsive force x hi
 Moment due to impulsive pressure on walls and base = Impulsive force x hi*

 hc and hc* are such that

 Moment due to convective pressure on walls only = Convective force x hc
 Moment due to convective pressure on walls and base = Convective force x hc*

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 50
 Modeling of liquid

 hi* is greater than hi

 hc* is greater than hc
 Refer Fig. C-1 of the Guidelines
 hi* & hc* depend on aspect ratio
 Graphs to obtain hi, hc, hi*, hc* are provided
 Refer Fig. 2b & 3b of guidelines
 Also see next slide
 Please note, hi* and hc* can be greater than h

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 51
 Modeling of liquid

2.5
hc*/h
2

1.5

hc/h hi*/h
0.5
hi/h
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
h/D

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 52
 Modeling of liquid

Example 4:
A circular tank with internal diameter of 8 m, stores 3 m height of
water. Find hi* and hc*.
Solution:
D = 8 m, h = 3m
 h/D = 3/8 = 0.375. From graph, for h/D = 0.375;

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 53
 Modeling of liquid

2.5

hc*/h
2

1.5

hc/h hi */h
0.5
hi /h
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
h/D

hi*/h = 1.1
Hence hi* = 1.1 x 3 = 3.3 m
Similarly, hc*/h = 1.0
Hence, hc* = 1.0 x 3 = 3.0 m

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 54
 Modeling of liquid

 This completes modeling of liquid

 Liquid is replaced by two masses, mi & mc
 This is called mechanical analogue or spring
mass model for tank
 See next slide

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 55
 Modeling of liquid

mi = Impulsive liquid mass

Kc/2 Kc/2 mc = Convective liquid mass
mc
Kc = Convective spring stiffness
hi = Location of impulsive mass
hc (without considering overturning
Rigid m (hc*) caused by base pressure)
i
hi hc = Location of convective mass
(hi*) (without considering overturning
caused by base pressure)
Mechanical analogue hi* = Location of impulsive mass
or (including base pressure effect on
spring mass model of tank overturning)
hc* = Location of convective mass
(including base pressure effect on
overturning)

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 56
 Modeling of liquid

 mi, mc, Kc, hi, hc, hi* and hc* can also be obtained
from mathematical expressions:
 These are given in Table C 1 of Guidelines
 These are reproduced in next two slides

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 57
 Modeling of liquid
For circular tanks
 h
 D tanh 3.68 
t anh 0.866  mc
 0.23  D
mi
  h m h
m D D
0.866
h
 h
cosh 3.68   1.0
hi hc
1  D
 0.375 for h / D  0.75 h h  h
h 3.68 sinh 3.68 
 0.5 
0.09375 for h / D  0.75 D  D
h/ D

D  h
0.866 cosh 3.68   2.01
hi *
 h hc *  D
h  D
- 0.125 for h / D  1.33 1
2 tanh  0.866  h h  h
 h 3.68 sinh  3.68 
D  D

 0.45 for h / D  1.33

mg  h
K c  0.836 tanh 2  3.68 
h  D

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 58
 Modeling of liquid
For rectangular tanks
 h
 L tanh 3.16 
tanh 0.866  mc
 0.264  L
mi
  h m h
m L L
0.866
h

 h
cosh 3.16   1.0
hi hc
 1  L
 0.375 for h / L  0.75 h h  h
h 3.16 sinh 3.16 
L  L
for h / L  0.75
0.09375
 0.5 
h/ L

 h
cosh 3.16   2.01
L hc *  L
hi *
0.866  1
 h  0.125 h h  h
h  L for h / L  1.33 3.16 sinh  3.16 
2 tanh 0.866  L  L
 h

 0.45 for h / L  1.33 mg  h

K c  0.833 tanh 2  3.16 
h  L

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 59
 Modeling of liquid

 Note, in Table C-1 of the Guideline, there are two

typographical errors in these expressions
 For circular tank, first expression for hi/h shall have
limit as “for h/D  0.75”
 For circular tank, in the expression for hi*/h, there
shall be minus sign before 0.125
 These two errors have been corrected in the
expressions given in previous two slides

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 60
 Modeling of liquid

 mi and mc are needed to find impulsive and

convective forces
 Impulsive force, Vi = mi x acceleration
 Convective force, Vc = mc x acceleration

Kc/2 Kc/2
mc Vc

Rigid m Vi
i

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 61
 Modeling of liquid

 Vi and Vc will cause

 Bending Moment (BM) in wall

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 62
 Modeling of liquid

 BM at bottom of wall
 BM due to Vi = Vi x hi
 BM due to Vc = Vc x hc
 Total BM is not necessarily Vi X hi+ Vc X hc
 More about this, later

Kc/2 Kc/2
mc Vc

hc Rigid m
i Vi
hi

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 63
 Modeling of liquid

 Overturning of the container is due to pressure

on wall and base
 Pressure on base does not cause BM in wall
 Overturning Moment (OM) at tank bottom
 OM is at bottom of base slab
 Hence, includes effect of pressure on base
 Note the difference between bottom of wall and
bottom of base slab

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 64
 Modeling of liquid

 OM at bottom of base slab

 OM due to Vi = Vi x hi*
 BM due to Vc = Vc x hc*

Kc/2 Kc/2
mc Vc

hc* Rigid m
i Vi

hi*

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 65
 Modeling of liquid

 mi and mc will have different accelerations

 We yet do not know these accelerations
 ai = acceleration of mi
 ac = acceleration of mc
 Procedure to find acceleration, later

 Use of mi, mc, hi, hc, hi* and hc* in next example
 Acceleration values are assumed

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 66
 Modeling of liquid

Example 5:
A circular tank with internal diameter of 8 m, stores 3 m height of
water. Assuming impulsive mass acceleration of 0.3g and convective
mass acceleration of 0.1g, find seismic forces on tank. Solution:
Geometry of tank is same as in previous examples.
D = 8 m, h = 3m
From previous examples:
mi = 63.3 t mc = 84.5 t
hi = 1.125 m hc = 1.65 m
hi* = 3.3 m hc* = 3.0 m
Impulsive acceleration, ai = 0.3g = 0.3 x 9.81 = 2.94 m/sec2
Convective acceleration, ac = 0.1g = 0.1 x 9.81 = 0.98 m/sec2

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 67
 Modeling of liquid

Example 5 (Contd..)

Impulsive force, Vi = mi x ai = 63.3 x 2.94 = 186.1 kN

Convective force, Vc = mc x ac = 84.5 x 0.98 = 82.8 kN

Bending moment at bottom of wall due to Vi = Vi x hi

= 186.1 x 1.125 = 209.4 kN-m
Bending moment at bottom of wall due to Vc = Vc x hc
= 82.8 x 1.65 = 136.6 kN-m
Overturning moment at bottom of base due to Vi = Vi x hi*
= 186.1 x 3.3 = 614.1 kN-m
Overturning moment at bottom of base due to Vc = Vc x hc*
= 82.8 x 3.0 = 248.4 kN-m

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 68
 At the end of Lecture 1
 In seismic design, mechanical analogue of tanks
are used, wherein, liquid is replaced by
impulsive & convective masses
 These masses and their points of application
depend on aspect ratio
 Graphs and expressions are available to find all
these quantities
 These are based on work of Housner (1963a)

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 1 / Slide 69