Program StudiTeknik
Physiography of IndonesiaGeologi Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT, IPU
FakultasTeknologi Kebumian dan Energi Semester Ganjil_2019 - 2020
UniversitasTrisakti
LECTURE MATERIALS
1 • INTRODUCTION: Definition, Level Petroleum Investigation, Role of Geophysical Methods
2 • Review of Gravity Method
3 • Paradigm Shift in Gravity Data Utilization
4 • Gravity Data analysis for Oil and Gas Exploration
5 • Gravity Data analysis for Reservoir Monitoring
6 • Fundamental of Seismic Method
7 • Seismic Acquisition
8 • Seismic Processing
9 • Seismic Structural Interpretation
10 • Seismic Stratigraphic Interpretation
11 • Seismic Interpretation Exercise (2X)
2
Resources Classification System
Play
Society of Petroleum Engineers et al., 2007
• EXPLORATION
1st EXPLORATION
PHASE
• DELINEATION
2nd
• DEVELOPMENT
3rd DEVELOPMENT &
PRODUCTION
PHASE
• PRODUCTION
4th
Frequently used of geophysical methods
for surface recording and typical application
Geophysical Physical property Typical applications Comment on
method measured applicability
Seismology Seismic wave velocity, Delineation of stratigraphy Exploration seismology is the
seismic impedance and structures in petroleum most widely used geophysical
contrast, attenuation, exploration method in petroleum
anisotropy exploration.
Gravity Surveys Rock density contrast Reconnaissance of large- Gravity survey are generally
scale density anomalies in less expensive but have less
petroleum and mineral resolving power than seismic
exploration exploration.
Magnetic Surveys Magnetic susceptibility Reconnaissance of the Aeromagnetic surveys are
or the rock’s intrinsic crustal magnetic properties, widely used in both petroleum
magnetization especially for determination and mining application for
of basement features determining large, deep
structure.
Electrical and Rock resistivity, Mineral exploration These methods are used most
electromagnetic capacitance, and frequently in mining exploration
surveys inductance properties and well logging (resistivity, SP,
and induction log)
(Lines and Newrick, 2004)
GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES (1)
ISSUE GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK INTEGRATED WITH
Source Rock Deposition
Where were the source rocks deposited? Depth to magnetic basement Seismic data
How deep are the source rocks? Regional basin enhancements Regional geology
Source Maturation
Where are the “cooking pots” and fetch areas? Depth to magnetic basement Seismic data
What is the present-day heat influx into the Isostatic residual Well data
basin and how much dose it vary? Sediment thickness Density and Velocity
What is the thickness of the crust? Depth versus density modeling data
What is the overburden? Regional structural modeling Heat-flow data
Curie point (regional heat flow)
Delineation of volcanic
Hydrocarbon Migration
How much relief is there on the basement? Magnetic inversion Well and outcrop data
What are the “shape” of the “cooking pots”? Depth to magnetic basement Topography
Are major vertical conduits near surface areas? Vertical fault identification Remote sensing
Are major lineations present and how do they Gradient analysis Seismic data
relate with more recent geologic features? Regional depocenter and Sequence stratigraphic
sediment path enhancement analysis
Seismicity
7
GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES (2)
ISSUE GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK INTEGRATED WITH
Reservoir Prediction
Where are the thickest sediment? Depocenter and sediment path Seismic data
Where are the highest sand probability? enhancement.
Where was the sources of sedimentation? Integrated basin modeling Lithology data (outcrop
What is the influence of tectonic on Density inversion and well)
deposition? Provenance (magnetic lithology) Sequence stratigraphic
Have the sediment depocenters shifted over determination analysis
time? Sedimentary magnetic analysis Biostratigraphic data
What is the compaction history of the
Paleomagnetic analysis
sediments?
Integrated velocity analysis (2-D
Do the sands have lateral continuity and
connectivity? and 3-D)
Trap
Where are the major structures? Residuals and enhancements Seismic data
What is the structural grain? 2-D/3-D structural/stratigraphic Outcrop information
Are faults in the sedimentary section? modeling Topography
Are lateral porosity changes present? Fault identification – gradient Remote sensing
analysis Seismicity
Structural inversion
Density inversion
8
Development and Production Phases:
Problem statement
1. How we can build reservoir model
accurately?
2. How we can monitor and image the dynamic
properties of reservoir until field termination?
3. How we can optimize production?
4. How we can improve the Recovery
Factor?
What reservoir properties do we want to
predict?
The critical reservoir characteristic
Static properties: Dynamic properties:
1. Fluid phase (oil and gas 1. Well deliverability
percent) 2. Reservoir connectivity
2. Areal extent of the trap 3. Permeability
3. Depth 4. Pressure change
4. Thickness 5. Phase change
5. Compartmentalization 6. Reservoir compaction
6. Reservoir net to gross
7. Porosity
Multi-diciplin approach for reservoir model
Geomechanical Fluid
Data Data
Geomechanical Fluid Production
Petrophysical Model Model Logging
Data
Data
Petrophysical Production
Logging
Model Model
RESERVOIR
RESERVOIR
Geochemical MODEL
MODEL Tracer
Data Geochemical Tracer
Model Data
Model
Geophysical Well test
Model Model
Geological
Model
Geophysical Well test
Data Data
Geological Data
Data Processing Algorithm
Physical Properties Extraction
Reservoir Monitoring Technology
Data Visualization
Integration of Dicipline
13
Project Critical subsurface information Technology
phase Involvement
1) Exploration Proven Petroleum System and Play Geophysics
Resources information Geology Concept
Drilling
2) Delineation Total hydrocarbon volume Geophysics
Areal limits of petroleum reservoir Geology Concept
Deliverability Drilling
Reservoir
3) Development Compartmentalization Geophysics
Exact locations of development wells Development Geology
Drilling
Reservoir
4) Production Hydrocarbon saturation and pressure changes Production
Flow restrictions and channeling Reservoir
Geophysics
Some aspects which drive gravity
utilization
Improve Recovery Factor
Hardware / Instrumentation
Multi Dicipline Approach
Efficient Time Lapse Technology for
Reservoir Monitoring
Problems in Geophysical Acquisition
due to Geological conditions
Social Problem
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/4d4/what-is.html
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/4d4/what-is.html
PLAY PROSPECT PROSPECT RESOURCES RESERVOIR
IDENTIFICATION CAPTURE EVALUATION APPRAISAL MANAGEMENT
TACTICS Regional Prospect Prospect Risk Asset Reservoir
reconnaissance identification reduction delineation and performance
and risk development monitoring
Petroleum assessment Drill-site
system decision Drill-site Enhance
analysis Lease and G&G (less complex decision recovery
acquisition prospect) ( complex
Play analysis imaging)
Tectono-
Establishing stratigraphic
exploration framework
focus
and G&G Basin Modeling
expenditure
Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998
USE HIGHER RESOLUTION MAGNETIC DATA
PLAY PROSPECT PROSPECT RESOURCES RESERVOIR
IDENTIFICATION CAPTURE EVALUATION APPRAISAL MANAGEMENT
MAGNETIC Regional depth Detailed basement Detailed, integrated Detailed 2D / 3D None published
UTILIZATION to magnetic interpretation 2D/3D modeling- modeling
basement Detailed fault and faulting, basement inversion
Regional tectonic lineament analysis structure, volcanic, Integrated depth
analysis Delineation of salt edges, and migration (pre-
Euler volcanics, salt, sediment timing or postack)
deconvolution and “Depth slicing” and Magneto-
Curie point shale lineament analysis startigraphy
analysis Sedimentary
magnetic analysis
MAGNETIC 20 km spacing 2 – 5 km spacing 0.5 - 1 km spacing 0.25 – 0.5 km
RESOLUTION 5 – 8 km grid 1 - 2 km grid 0.1 – 0.5 nT spacing
REQUIRED * 1 – 5 nT 0.5 – 2 nT High-resolution, low- 0.1 – 0.5 nT
Continental grids, Modern digital altitude surveys High-resolution,
older surveys surveys, marine low-altitude
surveys, digitized surveys
older analog Borehole
surveys magnetometer
* Typical required resolution; needs to be tailored to source depth and signal strength
Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998
THE PARADIGM SHIFT IN GRAVITY DATA UTILIZATION
BY USING THE HIGHER RESOLUTION OF GRAVITY DATA
GRAVITY PLAY PROSPECT PROSPECT RESOURCES RESERVOIR
DATA IDENTIFICATION CAPTURE EVALUATION APPRAISAL MANAGEMENT
GRAVITY Isostatic residual Semiregional Detailed, integrated Integrated 3D Integrated
UTILIZATION Regional structural / 2D / 3D modeling rock properties reservoir
tectonic stratiigraphic (with seismic and velocity characterization
analisis modeling horizons, density, modeling
Basin and Target-spesific and velocity Integrated depth Borehole gravity
depocenter enhancements information) migration (pre-or
enhancement Layer stripping for Porosity / pressure poststack) Time-lapse
Regional improved prediction Borehole gravity- precision
modeling delineation of Salt edge / base remote porosity
gravity ,
Digital data exploration determination detection
integration targets Enhanced velocity Detection of including for
(with remote Sensitivity studies analysis shallow hazards Carbon
sensing, etc) tied to density Storage
and Monitoring
lithology
GRAVITY 1 – 5 mGal 0.2 – 1 mGal 0.1 – 0.5 mGal 0.1 – 0.5 mGal 0.02 – 0.1 mGal
RESOLUTION 2 – 20 km 1 – 5 km 0.5 – 2 km 0.2 – 1 km 1 – 5 years
REQUIRED * wavelength wavelength wavelength wavelength
Continental Conventional High-resolution 0.01 – 0.005 mGal
grids, marine land and marine (borehole)
satelite gravity, and land surveys surveys High-resolution
airborne land, marine,
gravity and gradiometer
surveys
Modified from Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998 20
• Regional Study • Gravity, Magnetic, 2D Seismic
1 1
• Leads and Prospect Generation • 2D or 3D Seismic
2 2
• Drillable Prospect Generation • 2D or 3D Seismic
3 3
• Borehole Seismic
• Drilling (Checkshot, VSP)
4 4
• Plan of Development • 3D Seismic Reflection, Resistivity
5 5
• Time lapse Geophysics
• Reservoir Monitoring (4D Gravity, 4D Seismic)
6 6
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