ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES IN BUILDING SECTOR,

HVAC & ENERGY UTILITY INDUSTRIES.

Prepared by,
Deepak Pandagale
Vilas Abmre
Manoj Mohite
Santosh Rane
Narendra Bhagat
INTRODUCTION
More than 90 per cent of our time is spent in buildings i.e. either in the office or at
home.
 Energy used in buildings (residential and commercial) accounts for a significant
percentage of a country’s total energy consumption.
This percentage depends greatly on the degree of electrification, the level of
urbanization, the amount of building area per capita, the prevailing climate, as well as
national and local policies to promote efficiency.
In general, building energy consumption is higher in industrialized countries. Thus,
development has an important effect on energy demand from the building sector,
implying that building efficiency becomes more significant as countries become more
prosperous.
By choosing energy-efficient designs and materials for their own use, governments can
thus exert significant influence over the building sector as a whole.
Energy efficiency of a building
Energy efficiency of a building Why is energy efficiency in buildings
important?
The energy efficiency of a building is
the extent to which the energy Building represent a significant part of
consumption per square metre of floor the energy consumption of countries.
area of the building measures up to Housing, commercial, institutional &
established energy consumption industrial buildings accounted for more
benchmarks for that particular type of than 60% of all delivered energy. In
building under defined climatic manufacturing industries over half of
conditions. the total energy is used in buildings.
The benefits from energy efficiency investments in buildings are:
1) Reducing energy use for space heating and/or cooling and water heating;

2) Reduced electricity use for lighting, office machinery and domestic type
appliances;

3) Lower maintenance requirements;

4) Improved comfort;

5) Enhanced property value.

Typical
energy flow
in buildings
The building gross energy
needs represent the
anticipated buildings
requirements for heating,
lighting, cooling, ventilation,
air conditioning and
humidification. The indoor
climate requirements,
outdoor climatic conditions
and the building properties
(surface/transmission heat
transfer and heat transfer
due to air leakage) are the
parameters used for
determining what the gross
energy needs of the
building will be.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES FOR BUILDINGS
Reducing heating demand; Reducing energy use for lighting;
Reducing cooling demand; Reducing energy used for heating water;
Reducing the energy requirements for Reducing electricity consumption of office
ventilation; equipment and appliances;
Avoiding excessive glazing; Good housekeeping and people solutions;
Use of shading; Setting up an energy policy;
Solar control glass; Involving staff;
Selecting equipment with reduced heat Setting targets;
output;
Using notices and reminders;
Separating high heat load processes from
Conducting walk-rounds;
general accommodation;
Take meter readings.
Building design;
HVAC
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is the technology of indoor and vehicular
environmental comfort.
Heating
◦ Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate
heat (i.e. warmth) for the building. This can be done
via central heating. Such a system contains a boiler,
furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air in a
central location such as a furnace room in a home, or
a mechanical room in a large building. The heat can
be transferred by convection, conduction, or
radiation.
Ventilation
Cross
◦ Ventilating or ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process ventilation
of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide
high indoor air quality which involves temperature
control, oxygen replenishment, and removal of
moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria,
carbon dioxide, and other gases
Air Conditioning
◦ In warm or humid climates, maintaining thermal
comfort solely via natural ventilation might not be
possible. Air conditioning systems are used, either as
backups or supplements. Air-side economizers also use
outside air to condition spaces, but do so using fans,
ducts, dampers, and control systems to introduce and
distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate. Stack
effect
Energy saving opportunities in
energy utility industries.
Electrical energy Thermal Energy
Electrical energy saving measures: Thermal energy saving measures:
◦ Improve power factor by installing capacitors ◦ Undertake regular energy audits.
to reduce KVA demand charges & also line ◦ Plug all oil leakage as leakage of one drop of oil per
losses within the plant. second amounts to a loss of over 2000 liters/year.
◦ Improvement of power factor by 0.85 to ◦ Filter oil in stages. Impurities in oil affect combustion.
.096will give 11.5% reduction of peak KVA ◦ Incomplete combustion leads to wastage of fuel.
21.6% reduction in peak losses.
◦ Observe the color of smoke emitted from chimney.
◦ Avoid repeated rewinding of motors. Rewound Black smoke indicates improper combustion and fuel
of motors practically have an efficiency loss of wastage. White smoke indicates excess air and hence
5%.This is mainly due to increase in no load loss of heat. Hazy brown smoke indicates proper
losses. combustion.

◦ Use of variable frequency drives & fluid ◦ The maintenance in plant should follow the "zero leak"
coupling for variable speed applications such philosophy, particularly in the areas of steam and
utilities so that loss of energy could be totally
as fans, pumps etc. helps in minimising eliminated.
consumption.
 Electric energy consuming equipment
Electric
Motors:
The electric motors are
used to provide motive
power to equipment such
as compressors, pumps,
blowers etc. It is important
that the industrial users
define their need
 The motor must be energy efficient.
accurately to enable
 Convert delta to star connection for lightly loaded motor.
 Install variable voltage frequency drives for speed control of motors. proper selection of motor
 Install multi speed motors. for a particular
 Optimize operating voltage level of motor for lightly loaded motors application.
 Provide interlock for electric motor to avoid idle running Of the total electricity
 Avoid frequent rewinding of motors. Greater the number of rewind, lesser the
consumed in industrial
efficiency.
 Carry out preventive maintenance and condition monitoring schedule regularly. sector, electric motors
account for
Advantages of Energy Efficient Motors:- approximately 70%.
 Reduced operating costs.
 The higher purchase price investment pays off.
 Less heat losses.
 Extended winding lifespan.
 Air
Compressors
Compressed air is used in almost all
types of industries and accounts for
a major share of Electricity used in
some of the plants. It is utilized for a
variety of end uses such as
pneumatic tools and equipment,
instrumentation, conveying, etc.
and is preferred in Industries
because of its convenience and
safety. Compressed air is very
energy intensive.
Only 5% of electrical energy is
converted to useful energy.
Use of compressed air for cleaning is
 Compressed air is very energy intensive. rarely justified. •

 Only 5% of electrical energy is converted to useful energy. Ensure low temperature of inlet air.
Increase in inlet air temperature by
 Use of compressed air for cleaning is rarely justified. • 3°C increases power consumption
by 1%.
 Ensure low temperature of inlet air. Increase in inlet air temperature by 3°C
It should be examined whether air
increases power consumption by 1%. at lower pressure can be used in the
process.
 It should be examined whether air at lower pressure can be used in the
Reduction in discharge pressure by
process. 10% saves energy consumption up
to 5%.
 Reduction in discharge pressure by 10% saves energy consumption up to
A leakage from a ½” diameter hole
5%. from a compressed air line working
 A leakage from a ½” diameter hole from a compressed air line working at at a pressure of 7kg/cm2 can drain
almost Rs. 2500 per day.
a pressure of 7kg/cm2 can drain almost Rs. 2500 per day.
 Cooling
Towers
A cooling tower is a
specialized heat
exchanger in which two
fluids (air and water) are
brought into direct
contact with each other
to effect the transfer of
heat. In a spray filled
towers, this is
accomplished by
spraying a flowing mass
of water into a rain - like
pattern, through which
 Replacement of inefficient aluminum or fabricated steel fans by an upward moving mass
moulded FRP fans with aerofoil designs results in electricity savings in flow of cool air is induced
the range of 15-40%. by the action of a fan.
 Install automatic on-off switching of cooling tower fans and save up
to 40% on electricity costs.
 Pumps
Most of the industrial
processes in and out of
plants involve
transportation of fluids
and the pump is the only
mechanical means
available to facilitate this
 Select a pump of the right capacity in accordance with the requirement. transportation. The prime
mover can either be an
Improper selection of pumps can lead to large wastage of energy.
electric motor, a diesel
 A pump with 85% efficiency at rated flow may have only 65% efficiency at half
engine, on a steam/gas
the flow.
turbine. All prime movers
 Matching of the motor with the appropriate-sized pump.
consume energy, either in
 Use of throttling valves instead of variable speed drives to change flow of fluids the form of electric power
is a wasteful practice. Throttling can cause wastage of power to the tune of 50 to or precious petroleum
60%. products like diesel, oil or
 Proper installation of the pump system, including shaft alignment, coupling of gas, to impart working
motor and pump is a must. capacity to the pump.
 Drive transmission between pumps and motors is very important.
 Loose belts can cause energy loss up to 15-20%.
 Modern synthetic flat belts in place of conventional V-belts can save 5% to 10%
of energy.
 Refrigeration
& Air
Conditioning
Refrigeration is the
process of removing heat
at a low temperature
level and rejecting it at a
relatively higher
 Close doors and windows while running the air conditioning. temperature level. The
 Don't use a window fan while the air conditioner is on, but do use a ceiling fan. items required for the
 Use of double doors, automatic door closers, air curtains, double glazed windows, make-up of a complete
polyester sun films etc. reduces heat ingress and air- conditioning load of buildings. refrigeration and air-
 Maintain condensers for proper heat exchange. conditioning system are
 A 5°C decrease in evaporator temperature increases the specific power refrigerating equipment,
consumption by 15%. fans, pumps, cooling
 The compressor of the central air conditioner should be located in a cool, shaded towers, filters, air-handling
place outside. units, and ducting.
 Specific power consumption of compressors should be measured at regular Depending upon the
intervals. process, all or some of the
 The most efficient compressors to be used for continuous duty and others on items mentioned may be
standby. required.
 The duct system should be properly sealed. This could save 10 per cent to 15 per
cent of the electricity into air conditioner.
 Lighting
A lumen is the
measurement of light
output from a lamp, often
called a tube or a bulb.
All lamps are rated in
lumens. For example, a
100-W incandescent
lamp produces about
1750 lumens. Another
lighting term is efficacy,
which is the ratio of light
 Use of electronic ballast in place of conventional choke saves energy up output from a lamp to the
to 20%. electric power it
 Use of CFL lamp/LED in place of GLS lamp can save energy up to 70%. consumes and is
 Clean the lamps and fixtures regularly. Illumination levels fall by 20- 30% measured in LPW (lumens
per watt).
due to collection of dust. •
 Use of 36W tube light instead of 40 W tube light saves electricity by 8 to
10%.
 Use of sodium vapour lamps for area lighting in place of mercury vapour
lamps saves electricity up to 40%.
 Thermal Energy equipment
Boilers
Boilers are used in various
industrial units to convey heat for
different process applications.
Steam is commonly used as the
heating medium mainly due to
two reasons:

it is generated from water which

is usually available; and

it is able to store a large quantity

 All possible attention- should be paid to control excess air by monitoring oxygen level in flue of heat at a temperature which
can be conveniently used.
gas and also by visual inspection of flame color.
 Remove soot deposits when flue gas temperature rises 40°C above the normal. A coating of Various types of fuels, namely;
3mm thick soot on the heat transfer surface can cause an increase in fuel consumption of as coal, oil, gas, biomass, etc. are
much as 2.5%. used for steam generation in
 Soot blowers can always be maintained in perfect working condition so that their regular and boilers depending on the
periodic use does not suffer. availability of fuel and cost
 Recover heat from steam condensate. For every 6°C rise in boiler feed water temperature economics prevailing in the
plant. The motive of the industry
through condensate return, there is 1% saving in fuel.
should be to generate the
 Improve boiler efficiency.
required quantity and quality of
 Boilers should be monitored for flue gas losses, radiation losses, incomplete combustion, blow
steam at minimum possible
down losses, excess air etc. Proper control can decrease the consumption up to 20%. costs. This can only be achieved
 Use only treated water in boilers. A scale formation of 1 mm thickness on the waterside by reducing the various
increases fuel consumption by 5-8%. avoidable heat losses occurring
 Stop steam leakage. Steam leakage from a 3 mm-diameter hole on a pipeline carrying steam within the boiler system, thus
at 7kg/cm2 would waste 32 kl of fuel oil per year amounting to a loss of Rs. 3 lakh. improving the efficiency of the
 Maintain steam pipe insulation. It has been estimated that a bare steam pipe, 150 mm in same.
diameter and 100m in length, carrying saturated steam at 8kg/cm2 would waste 25 kl of furnace
oil in a year amounting to an annual loss of Rs. 2.5 lakh.
 Diesel
Generating Set
Depending on the type
of industry and the
magnitude of the
connected load, DG sets
are employed in various
modes like: The standby
mode to meet a part or
the full requirement of the
plant in case of power
failures. The peak-load
mode to meet the
requirement during peak
 Maintain Diesel engines regularly. demand, thereby
 A poorly maintained injection pump increases fuel consumption reducing the maximum
by 4gm/kWh. demand.
 Blocked filters increase fuel consumption by 2gm/kWh.
 Measure fuel consumption per KWH of electricity generated
regularly. Take corrective action in case this shows a rising trend.
CONCLUSION
An effective policy for energy efficiency should:
Outline the need for and benefits of energy efficiency in buildings;
Estimate potential savings both in terms of energy use and reduction of capacity;
Set achievable targets and timelines;
Outline an approach to achieve the targets and monitor them;
Consider the requirements for technical and informational support needed by building
owners, building energy managers, developers, architects and engineers;
Thank You…..
Living with Energy Conservation Practice, as with
anything, makes energy conservation easier.