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Linguistic Syntax

Tentang syntax

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104 views

Linguistic Syntax

Tentang syntax

Uploaded by

Apri Yanti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 8

Syntax
Nama Kelompok
 Apriyanti
 Birgitta Dexon M. C.
 Febi Safitri
 Juan
 Nathanael Adventius
 Nurhaeni
 Pipin Mardikawati
 Rahellyta Estrela
 Sylvia Fazria
 Vidia
Syntactic rules
Syntax is the study of the structure of sentence. When we set out to
provide an analysis of the syntax of a language, we try to adhere to
the “all and only” criterion.
This means that our analysis must account for all the grammatically
correct phrases and sentences and only those grammatically correct
phrases and sentences in whatever language we are analyzing. In
other words, if we write rules for the creation of well-formed
structures, we have to check that those rules, when applied logically,
won’t also lead to ill-formed structures.
A generative grammar
When we have an effective rule such as " a prepositional phrase in
English consists of a preposition followed by a noun phrase," we can
imagine an extremely large number of english phrase that could be
produced using this rule. In fact, the potential number is unlimeted.
This reflects another goal of syntactic analysisc, whic is to have a
small and finite ( i.e limited) set of rule that will be capable of
producing a large and potentially infinite ( i.e unlimited) number of
well-formed structure.
Deep & Surface Structure
Deep and Surface Structure
Is the form of a sentence we produce and understand is very often not the same as the basic form which show its
meaning.

Surface Structure
Is the actual spoken sentence and superficial.

Charlie broke the window


The window was broken by Charlie

Deep Structure
Is the abstract, underlying meaning of the sentence, but basic form of the sentence with:
Noun Phrase + Verb + Noun Phrase

It was Charlie who broke the window


Was the window broken by Charlie?
Structural ambiguity

Structural Ambiguity also called syntactic ambiguity, amphiboly or amphibology


is a situation where a sentence may be interpreted in more than one way due to
ambiguous sentence structure. One expresses the idea that “Annie had an umbrella
and she bumped into a man with it.” The other expresses the idea that “Annie
bumped into a man and the man happened to be carrying an umbrella.” Now, these
two different versions of events can actually be expressed in the same surface
structure form: Annie bumped into a man with an umbrella. That is an example of
structural ambiguity.
Tree diagrams
One of the best ways to create a visual representation of underlying syntacti
c structure is through tree diagrams. We can use the symbols introduced lik
e (Art = article, N = noun, NP = noun phrase) to label parts of the tree when
we create arepresentation of how each part fits into the underlying hierarchi
cal structure of phrases and sentences.
Although this kind of “tree,” with its “branches,” on the right, seems to gro
wdown rather than up, it functions rather well as a diagram representing all
thegrammatical information found in the other analysis on the left.
It also shows veryexplicitly that there are different levels in the analysis. Th
at is, there is a level ofanalysis at which a constituent such as NP is represe
nted and a different, lower, level at which a constituent such as N is represe
nted.

We can use a similar tree diagram to represent the structure of an English v


erb phrase (VP)
Tree diagrams of an English sentence
Tree diagram of an english sentences:
S = Sentence

1.Sentence divided into two sections


Such as NP (Noun Phrase ) and VP (Verb Phrase )
2.The Noun Phrase (NP) is the basic sentence constituents.
NP divided into two parts
Such as Art (Article) and N ( Noun)
3. Verb Phrase (VP) is a group of words while not true subject and verb, it is called a phrase. Whe
n a main verb adds with an auxiliary like.

Finally, one word is selected that


fits the label Art (the) and another that fits N (girl). You can go through the same
procedure with the VP branches.
Symbol used in syntactic analysis
The first is in the form of an arrow . It can be interpreted as “consists of” or
“rewrites as.” It is typically used in the following type of rule:
NP Art N
This is simply a shorthand way of saying that a noun phrase (NP) such as the dog
consists of or rewrites as (!) an article (Art) the and a noun (N) dog.

The second symbol is a pair of round brackets ( ). Whatever occurs inside these
round brackets will be treated as an optional constituent. For instance, we can
describe something as the dog or the small dog, each of which is a noun phrase
(NP).
The third symbol is in the form of curly brackets { }.These indicate that only
one of the elements enclosed within the curly brackets must be selected. For
example, we have already seen that a noun phrase can consist of an expression
such as the dog (article plus noun), or it (pronoun), or Cathy (proper noun).

The list of common symbols and abbreviations is summarized here.


S = sentence NP = noun phrase PN = proper noun
N = noun VP = verb phrase Adv = adverb
V = verb Adj = adjective Prep = preposition
Art = article Pro = pronoun PP = prepositional phrase
Phrase structure rules
Phrase structure rule is a rule that specifies how a syntactic constituent is formed
out of other smaller syntactic constituents. The first rule in the following set of
simple (and necessarily incomplete) phrase structure rules states that “a sentence
rewrites as a noun phrase
and a verb phrase.” The second rule states that “a noun phrase rewrites as either an
article plus an optional adjective plus a noun, or a pronoun, or a proper noun.” The
other rules follow a similar pattern.

S NP VP
NP {Art (Adj) N, Pro, PN}
VP V NP (PP) (Adv)
PP Prep NP
Lexical Rules
Rules stating which words can be used for constituents generated by phrase structure rules such as PN. The first
rule in the following set states that “a proper noun rewrites as Mary, or George”.
PN ➡(Mary, George)
N ➡(Girl, dog, boy)
V ➡(Followed, helped, saw)
Art ➡( a, the)
Pro ➡(it, you)

We can rely on these rules to generate the grammatical sentences shown below in 1-3, but not the ungrammatica
l sentences shown in
A dog followed the boy
Dog followed boy

As a way of visualizing how the phrase structure rules form the basis of these sentences, we can draw the tree
diagrams for sentences
Movement rules
The very small set of phrase structure rules just described is a sample of what a more complex phrase structure
grammar of English. One feature of these underlying structures is that they will generate sentences with a fixed
word order. That is convenient for creating declarative forms (You can see it), but not for making interrogative f
orms, as used in questions (Can you see it?). In making the question, we move one part of the structure to a diffe
rent position. This process is based on a movement rule.
In order to talk about this process, we need to expand our phrase structure rules to include an auxiliary verb (Au
x) as part of the sentence.
The basic forms of some verbs are included in the third rewrite rule here.
With these components, we can specify a simple movement rule that is involved in the creation of one basic typ
e of question in English.
As we try to capture more aspects of the structure of complex English sentences, we inevitably need to identify
more rules and concepts involved in the analysis of syntax.
However, having explored some of the basic issues, terminology, and methods of syntactic analysis in order to t
alk about structure in language, we need to move on to consider how we might incorporate the analysis of mean
ing in the study of language.

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