CHAPTER 3
3.2 Flexible Pavement Design
(JKR Method) - ATJ 5/85
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PAVEMENT DESIGN
(1) Traffic Loading
• Magnitude of axle load
• Wheel configuration
• Volume and composition of axle loads
• Tyre pressure and contact area
(2) Material Characteristics
(3) Climate or Environment
Each tyre
has point
of load!
Single Axle
Tandem Axle
Tridem Axle
4
Lx
LS = 80kN, 8.16 tonne,
18,000 lb
LS
4 4
1.5 Lorry 9 tonnes 9
Car 1.5 tonne
8.16 8.16
0.00114 1.48
4
4 26
18
8.16
8 . 16
103.07
23.67 Bus 18 tonnes Trailer 26 tonnes
BFC 31802 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
Climatic / Environmental Effect
////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////
Seepage
from ///////////////////////////
highlands Water ponding
Seepage through Seepage through pavement
shoulder
Water content rises in subgrade
Subgrade looses strength and stability
If subgrade is too weak, pavement will fail
BFC 31802 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
JKR ARAHAN TEKNIK (JALAN) 5/85 DESIGN METHOD
PROCEDURE:
1. Design life is usually taken as 10 years.
2. Traffic Estimation:
Initial Annual Commercial Vehicle Traffic per direction, Vo
Pc
Vo ADT 365 D L
100
where ADT = average daily traffic
Pc = percentage of commercial vehicles
D = directional distribution (usually 0.50)
L = lane distribution (usually 1.00)
Total Number of Commercial Vehicles per direction, Vc
Vo [(1 r ) x 1]
Vc
r
where r = traffic growth rate
x = design life
Total Equivalent Standard Axles, ESA
ESA = Vc x e where e = equivalent factor (Table 3.5)
Daily Traffic Flow at the end of the design period, Vx
Vx = V1 (1 + r)x where V1 = ADT / 2 (per direction)
3. Capacity Estimation
Maximum Hourly Capacity, c
c=IxRxT
where I = ideal hourly capacity (Table 3.6)
R = roadway reduction factor (Table 3.7)
T = traffic reduction factor (Table 3.8)
Daily Capacity, C
C = 10 x c (assume c is 10% of C)
Check C > Vx
If C > Vx capacity will not be exceeded at the end of the design period (OK)
If C < Vx capacity will be exceeded by the end of the design period (not OK)
When C < Vx happens, need to reduce design period.
Years required to reach capacity, log C
Vx
n
log1 r
4. Calculate thickness, TA.
TA = a1 D1 + a2 D2 + a3 D3
where a1, a2, a3 = structural coefficients (Table 3.9)
d1, d2 , d3 = layer depth (based on Tables 3.10, 3.11, 3.12)
5. Determine the equivalent thickness, TA’ using Thickness Nomograph
Based on subgrade CBR, ESA and TA values (Figure 3.5).
If CBR varies within the 1 m depth of the subgrade, the mean CBR is calculated:
h CBR 13 h CBR 13 ... h CBR 13
CBR 1 1 2 2 n n
100
Make sure TA > TA’
SOLUTION
Table 3.5: Guide for Equivalence Factor
Percentage of 51 –
0 – 15% 16 – 50%
selected heavy 100%
goods vehicles
Type of road Local Trunk
3.0 3.7
Equivalence Factor 1.2 2.0
Table 3.6: Maximum Road Type Passenger Vehicle Unit
Hourly Capacity under per hour
ideal conditions
Multilane 2000 per lane
Two Lanes (bothways) 2000 total for bothways
Three Lanes (bothways) 4000 total for bothways
Table 3.7: Carriageway Shoulder Width
Roadway Reduction Carriageway Width 2.00 1.50 1.25 1.00
Factor m m m m
7.5 m 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.90
7.0 m 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.79
6.0 m 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.73
5.0 m 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.64
Table 3.8: Traffic Type of Terrain Factor
Reduction Factor Flat T = 100/(100+Pc)
Rolling T = 100/(100+2Pc)
Mountainous T = 100/(100+5Pc)
Table 3.9: Structural Layer Coefficient Table 3-11: Standard and Construction
Layer Thickness
Type of Layer Property Coefficient
Component
Wearing and Standard One layer
Asphalt Type of Layer Thickness
Binder 1.00 lift
Concrete
Course
Type 1 : Stability Wearing Course 4-5 cm 4-5 cm
Dense 0.8
> 400 kg
Bituminous Binder Course 5-10 cm 5-10 cm
Macadam Type 2: Stability
0.55
> 300 kg Bituminous 5-20 cm 5-15 cm
Unconfined Base Wet Mix 10-20 cm 10-15 cm
Base Course Cement compressive Course
0.45
Stabilized strength (7 days) Cement
30 -40 kg/m2 10-20 cm 10-20 cm
Treated
Mechanically Granular 10-30 cm 10-20 cm
Stabilized
80% 0.32 Subbase
crushed Cement
aggregate 15-20 cm 15-20 cm
Treated
Sand,
20% 0.23
Laterite etc
Crushed
Subbase 30% 0.25
aggregate
Cement
60% 0.28
Stabilized
Table 3.10: Structural Layer Coefficient
Minimum
Type of Layer
Thickness
Wearing Course 4 cm
Binder Course 5 cm
Bituminous 5 cm
Base Course Wet Mix 10 cm
Cement Treated 10 cm
Granular 10 cm
Subbase
Cement Treated 15 cm
Table 3-11: Standard and Construction Layer Thickness
Standard
Type of Layer One layer lift
Thickness
Wearing Course 4-5 cm 4-5 cm
Binder Course 5-10 cm 5-10 cm
Bituminous 5-20 cm 5-15 cm
Base Course Wet Mix 10-20 cm 10-15 cm
Cement Treated 10-20 cm 10-20 cm
Granular 10-30 cm 10-20 cm
Subbase
Cement Treated 15-20 cm 15-20 cm
TA Total thick of
bituminous layer
Table 3.12: Minimum Thickness of
Bituminous Layer < 17.5 cm 5.0 cm
17.5 – 22.5 cm 10.0 cm
23.0 – 29.5 cm 15.0 cm
> 30.0 cm 17.5 cm
