Seminar on
Image Processing Technique On
MRI Scanning
Coordinators : Mr. Sudheer.V.R & Mrs. Seena. R
Guide: Anu S Nair Presented by:
Dept of. ECE Sreelekshmi .S
Dept. of Electronics and
communication
Roll No: 28
College of Engg. Perumon
INTRODUCTION
• Invented in early 90’s MRIs have been constantly innovated
ever since.
• Clinical studies and development to expand the scope of MRI
in diagnosing more diseases more comfortably.
• Early machines took B&W like images that showed high
resolution images.
• Just like any common signal transmission problem, MRI results
also showcased noise interference.
• This seminar brings out a brief idea about the concepts in MRI
and the various techniques in image processing, noise
interference and further noise reduction.
OBJECTIVES
To study about the novel approaches used in the digital image
processing in an MRI scanning machine. Also emphasizes the
key processing methods that is used presently.
What is MRI?
• MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
• Developed by Raymond Vahan Damadian.
• MRI was first performed in 1997.
• It is a radiology technique.
• Uses radio waves, magnetism and a computer component.
• MRI is based on the principle of NMR( Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance).
MRI makes use of
• Magnetic Properties of certain atomic nuclei.
• Magnetic Field
• Magnetic Field Gradients
• Radio Waves
MRI Process
• Certain atomic nuclei absorb and emit radio frequency when
exposed to magnetic field.
• Clinical MRI’s uses hydrogen atoms to generate a detectable
radio frequency.
• RF signal is received by antennas close to the anatomy.
• They mostly map water and fat content.
• RF waves excites nuclear spin energy transition
• Magnetic field gradients localize the signal in space.
Nuclear Magnetism
• Nucleons (protons, neutrons) have a quantum property known
as spin.
• In the absence of a magnetic field, nuclear spin is not an
observable.
• In the presence of a homogeneous magnetic field, the energy
of the nucleus depends on the relative orientation of the
magnetic field and the nuclear spin vector.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance:
Properties in Matter
• Relaxation
– There are two possible ways for the sample to lose this energy :
i) spontaneous emission
ii) induced emission
When a nuclei loses energy it comes back to its lowest energy
state.
• Spontaneous emission:
– Negligible effect at RF frequencies (dominant at visible frequencies)
• Induced emission
– Energy emission requires interaction of the nucleus with its external
environment . The nature of energy emission depends strongly on the
environment of the excited nucleus (Relaxation).
Image Reduction Methods
• X-Ray Machine and Digital Radiography
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Ultrasonic Imaging Systems
• X-Ray Computed Tomography
WHY MRI??
CT and X-ray can only measure tissue opacity.
MR can image a variety of tissue properties.
Problems in MRI
• MRI requires substantial cleverness in image formation
– Unique among image modalities
– Under-appreciated part of what Radiologists do
• Huge field involving software, algorithms and hardware.
• The imaging process is slow.
• Few body parts can hold still for very long.
• MR images are vulnerable to motion artifacts.
k-space representation
Average
intensity
What is k-space?
• A mathematical concept.
• Not a real “space” in the patient nor in the MR scanner.
• Key to understanding spatial encoding of MR images.
• k-space is an array of numbers representing spatial frequencies in
the MR image.
• Commonly displayed on a rectangular grid.
• Kx and Ky corresponds to axes of k-space.
• K-axes represents spatial frequency.
• The individual points in k-space do not correspond to pixels in
image.
• Each k-space point contains spatial frequency and phase
information for every pixel in the final image.
• Conversely each pixel in the image maps to every pixel in the
final image.
k-space and the MR Image
• Each individual point in the MR image is reconstructed from every
point in the k-space representation of the image.
• All points of k-space must be collected for a faithful reconstruction of
the Image.
• If the image is a 256 x 256 matrix size, then k-space is also 256 x 256
points.
• Image contrast is represented by low spatial frequencies; detail is
represented by high spatial frequencies.
Spatial Frequencies
low spatial high spatial all
frequencies frequencies frequencies
• Low frequency = contrast
• High frequency = detail
• The most abrupt change occurs at an edge. Images of edges
contain the highest spatial frequencies.
Properties of k-space
• k-space is symmetrical.
• All of the points in k-space must be known to reconstruct the signal
faithfully.
• Truncation of k-space results in loss of detail, particularly at edges.
• Most important information centered around the middle of k space.
• k-space is the Fourier representation of the waveform.
Mapping from k-space
Limitations
• Some parts of the body like bone cannot be examined clearly.
• Movement during may cause blurry images.
• Any errors while calculating k-space results in loss of detail,
particularly at edges.
Conclusion
RF signal
FT
A/D
conversion
image space k-space
• Though MRI is the most useful technology in medical field it
has some drawbacks such as excess noise content and errors
in edge detection.
• By making use of the modified algorithms of anisotropic
diffusion such errors can be rectified to a greater extent.
Reference
> https://www.medicinenet.com/mri_scan/article.html
>https://www.stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-tests/m/mri/risk- factors.html
>https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8353419
>Pattern Recognition: paper presented by Chourmouzios Tsiotsios.
>S.M. Chao.D . Tsai- An improved anisotrophic diffusion model.
THANK YOU
