THE

WWW
(KEEPING YOU UP ALL NIGHT BEFORE EXAMS, SINCE 1991)

ABHISHEK PATTANAIK AND ASHISH DUBEY

 CONTENTS

1. Definition and History

2. WWW Architecture
a) Client
b) Web server
3. Uniform resource locator
4. Cookies
5. Web Documents
 DEFINITION

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a repository of information linked together from points all
over the world.

The WWW has a unique combination of flexibility, portability, and user-friendly features that
distinguish it from other services provided by the Internet.

The resources of the WWW may be accessed by users by a software application called a web
browser.
 ARE INTERNET AND WWW
SAME?
INTERNET refers to the vast networking infrastructure that connects millions of computers
across the world and The Internet includes a lot that is not necessarily the Web.

THE WORLD WIDE WEB is the worldwide collection of text pages, digital photographs,
music files, videos, and animations, which users can access over the Internet. The Web uses
the HTTP protocol to transmit data and is only a part of the Internet.
 HISTORY

●English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.

●The WWW project was initiated by CERN (European Laboratory for Particle Physics) to
create a system to handle distributed resources necessary for scientific research.

●By October of 1990, Tim had written the three fundamental technologies that remain the
foundation of today’s web

■HTML

■URI: Uniform Resource Identifier

■HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

 HISTORY
● The WWW today is a distributed client/server service, in which a client using a browser
can access a service using a server. However, the service provided is distributed over
many locations called sites.
● The Web Foundation is advancing the Open Web as a means to build a just and thriving
society by connecting everyone, raising voices and enhancing participation.
 WWW ARCHITECTURE
● Web Architecture can be defined as the conceptual structure of the internet.

● The WWW today is a distributed client/server service, in which a client using a

browser can access a service using a server.

● The service provided is distributed over many locations called sites.

 CLIENT
● A client is a piece of computer hardware or software that accesses a service made
available by a server. The server is often (but not always) on another computer system,
in which case the client accesses the service by way of a network.
 CLIENT
● A client can be a web browser.

○ For example, web browsers are clients that connect to web servers and
retrieve web pages for display.

○ Email clients retrieve email from mail servers.

○ Online chat uses a variety of clients, which vary depending on the chat protocol
being used.

○ Multiplayer video games or online video games may run as a client on each
computer. The term "client" may also be applied to computers or devices that run
the client software or users that use the client software.
 CLIENT
● Each browser usually consists of three parts: a controller, client protocol, and
interpreters.

○ THE CONTROLLER receives input from the keyboard or the mouse and uses
the client programs to access the document.

○ The CLIENT PROTOCOL can be one of the protocols described previously

such as FTP or HTTP

○ The controller uses one of the INTERPRETERS to display the document on the
screen. The interpreter can be HTML, Java, or JavaScript, depending on the
type of document.
CLIENT
 WEB SERVER
● The term web server means one things, a computer program that accepts HTTP
requests and return HTTP responses with optional data content.

● The Web page is stored at the server.

● Each time a client request arrives, the corresponding document is sent to the client.
 HOW TO IMPROVRE SERVER
RESPONSE SPEED
● To improve efficiency, servers normally store requested files in a cache in memory;
memory is faster to access than disk.

● A server can also become more efficient through multithreading or multiprocessing. In

this case, a server can answer more than one request at a time

■ NOTE: IN ORDER TO ACCESS WEB PAGES ON INTERNET ONE

OF THE ESSENTIAL THING WHICH IS REQUIRED IS
URL(UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR).
 UNIFROM RESOURCE LOCATOR

● To facilitate the access of documents distributed throughout the world, HTTP uses
locators. The uniform resource locator (URL) is a standard for specifying any kind of
information on the Internet.
● The URL defines four things:

1. Protocol,

2. Host computer,

3. Port,

4. Path
 UNIFROM RESOURCE LOCATOR

● THE PROTOCOL is the client/server program used to retrieve the document. Many
different protocols can retrieve a document; among them are FTP or HTTP. The
most common today is HTTP
● THE HOST IS THE COMPUTER on which the information is located.

○ Web pages are usually stored in computers, and computers are given alias
names that usually begin with the characters "www".

○ This is not mandatory, however, as the host can be any name given to the
computer that hosts the Web page.
 UNIFROM RESOURCE LOCATOR

● A PORT NUMBER is a way to identify a specific process to which an Internet or

other network message is to be forwarded when it arrives at a server.

● Ports are identified for each protocol and address combination by 16-bit unsigned
numbers, commonly known as the port number.

● The most common protocols that use port numbers are the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
 UNIFROM RESOURCE LOCATOR

● For example, a request from a client (perhaps on behalf of you at your PC) to a server
on the Internet may request a file be served from that host's File Transfer Protocol
(FTP) server or process.

● In order to pass your request to the FTP process in the remote server, the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) software layer in your computer identifies the port
number of 21 (which by convention is associated with an FTP request) in the 16-bit
port number integer that is appended to your request.

● At the server, the TCP layer will read the port number of 21 and forward your
request to the FTP program at the server.
 UNIFROM RESOURCE LOCATOR

● PATH IS THE PATHNAME of the file where the information is located.

■ NOTE: THAT THE PATH CAN ITSELF CONTAIN SLASHES

THAT, SEPARATE THE DIRECTORIES FROM THE
SUBDIRECTORIES AND FILES.
 COOKIES
● Cookie is a small piece of text stored on a user's computer by a web browser.

○ A cookie consists of one or more name/value pairs containing bits of information

such as user preferences.

○ A cookie can be used for:

■ authenticating

■ session tracking

■ remembering specific information about users.

 CREATION AND STORAGE OF
COOKIES
● When a server receives a request from a client, it stores information about the client in a
file or a string. The information may include the domain name of the client, the contents
of the cookie etc.

● The server includes the cookie in the response that it sends to the client.

● When the client receives the response, the browser stores the cookie in the cookie
directory, which is sorted by the domain server name.
● APPLICATIONS

1. E-COMMERCW

2. WEB PORTAL

3. ADVERTISING AGENCY
 WEB DOCUMENTS

● The documents in the WWW can be grouped into three broad categories:

1. Static,

2. Dynamic

3. Active.

● The category is based on the time at which the contents of the document are
determined.
 STATIC DOCUMENTS
● Static documents are fixed-content documents that are created and stored in a server.
● In other words, the contents of the file are determined when the file is created, not when
it is used.
STATIC DOCUMENTS
 DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS

● A dynamic document is created by a Web server whenever a browser requests the

document.
● When a request arrives, the Web server runs an application program or a script that
creates the dynamic document.
● The server returns the output of the program or script as a response to the browser that
requested the document.
● BECAUSE A FRESH DOCUMENT IS CREATED FOR EACH REQUEST, THE
CONTENTS OF A DYNAMIC DOCUMENT CAN VARY FROM ONE
REQUEST TO ANOTHER.
● A very simple example of a dynamic document is the retrieval of the time and date
from a server.

■ NOTE: DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS ARE SOMETIMES REFERRED

TO AS SERVER-SITE DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS.
DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
 DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS

● A few technologies have been involved in creating dynamic documents using scripts.
Among the most common are:

1. Hypertext Preprocessor (pHP), which uses the Perl language

2. Java Server Pages (JSP), which uses the Java language for scripting

3. Active Server Pages (ASP), Microsoft product which uses Visual Basic
language for scripting

4. ColdFusion, which embeds SQL database queries in the HTML document

 ACTIVE DOCUMENTS
● For many applications, we need a program or a script to be run at the client site. These
are called active documents. For example, animated graphics.

● When a browser requests an active document, the server sends a copy of the document
or a script. The document is then run at the client (browser) site.

■ NOTE: ACTIVE DOCUMENTS ARE SOMETIMES REFERRED

TO AS CLIENT-SITE DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS.
ACTIVE DOCUMENTS
 ACTIVE DOCUMENTS
● Technologies used for creating active documents are:

1. Java scripts

2. Java Applets
THANK YOU!!!!!!!