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Thermodynamics: ME-302 Fall 2019 Lec. Usman Asad

This document provides an overview of an ME-302 Thermodynamics course offered in Fall 2019. It outlines the textbooks, grading system, course objectives, code of conduct, and chapter 1 topics including terminology like system, property, process, and temperature. The grading is 66% theory with lab making up the remaining 33%. Chapter 1 covers concepts such as extensive/intensive properties, equilibrium, and the different types of processes.

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Muhammad Bilal
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65 views

Thermodynamics: ME-302 Fall 2019 Lec. Usman Asad

This document provides an overview of an ME-302 Thermodynamics course offered in Fall 2019. It outlines the textbooks, grading system, course objectives, code of conduct, and chapter 1 topics including terminology like system, property, process, and temperature. The grading is 66% theory with lab making up the remaining 33%. Chapter 1 covers concepts such as extensive/intensive properties, equilibrium, and the different types of processes.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Bilal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermodynamics

ME-302
Fall 2019
Lec. Usman Asad
Text Books
• Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics by
Michael J. Moran and Howard N. Shapiro (5th or 7th
Edition)
• Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach by Y. A.
Cengel and M. A. Boles, Latest Edition

Reference Book:
• Applied Thermodynamics by T.D. Eastop and A.
McConkey
Grading System
Theory: 66%
• Sessional = 32% ±2%
• Quizzes = 10%
• Assignments = 14% ±4%
• Final Exam = 44% ±4%

Lab : 33%
Course Objectives & Learning
Outcomes
• Gain basic knowledge and skills in the area of
thermodynamics
• Understand the concept of heat energy, fluid properties,
inter-conversion of heat and work, reversible and
irreversible processes
• Attain better understanding of operational procedure of
machines such as IC Engines, Turbo machinery, Steam and
Gas Turbines, Compressors, etc.
• Learn about inter-conversion of heat and work energies
• Gain sufficient knowledge to understand power plant
basics and operational / maintenance procedures for
static and /or rotary equipment
• Understand the concepts which will help design thermal
systems.
Code of Conduct
• All students must come to class on time (Attendance
will be taken in first 5 to 120 mins)
• Students should remain attentive during class and
avoid use of Mobile phone, Laptops or any gadgets
• Obedience to all laws, discipline code, rules and
community norms
• Respect peers, faculty and staff through actions and
speech
• Student should not be sleeping during class
• Bring writing material and books
• Class participation is encouraged
Chapter 1 -(Lots of) Terminology
• System, Surroundings, Boundary
• Closed System, Isolated System, Control Volume
• Macroscopic and Microscopic Views, Continuum
• Property, State, State Postulate
• Process, Steady State, Thermodynamics Cycle
• Extensive / Intensive Properties
• Phase, Pure Substance, Equilibrium
• Quasiequilibrium/Quasistatic Processes
• Units (Fundamental / Derived)
• Specific Volume, Specific Gravity
• Molar Basis
• Pressure (Absolute, gage, vacuum)
• Pressure measurement
• Thermal Equilibrium, Zeroth Law, Thermometers, Temperature Scales
• Processes: Adiabatic, Isothermal, Isobaric, Isochoric Processes.
System, Surroundings, Boundary
• System:
Whatever we want to study. Can be as simple or
complex as we want. Content inside the system may
change or remain fixed by chemical reactions

• Surroundings:
Everything external to the system

• System Boundary:
Interface separating system and surroundings
May be at rest or in motion.
Often called “Moving Boundary” when in motion
Types of Systems
Closed System (Control Mass): Contains fixed quantity
of matter. Always contains the same matter. No Mass
Transfer Across The Boundary
Open System (Control Volume): Region of space through
which mass can flow. Mass Transfer Across Boundary
Isolated System: No Interaction With The Surroundings.
Completely Insulated
Control Surface: When the terms control mass and
control volume are used, the boundary of a system is
referred to as the control surface
Macroscopic and Microscopic Views,
Continuum
• Macroscopic (Classical Thermodynamics):
Overall system is studied. No models of the structure of
matter at molecular, atomic and sub atomic levels are
used
• Microscopic (Statistical Thermodynamics):
Concerned directly with the structure of the matter.
Average behavior of particles making up a system is
studied
• Continuum:
Discrete changes from molecule to molecule can be
ignored. Distances and times are much larger than those
of the molecular scale (continuously distributed through
out region of interest)
Property, State, State Postulate
State: Condition described by observable macroscopic
properties. Gives a complete description of the system

Property: Macroscopic characteristic, has a unique


value. Quantity that only depends on the state of the
system and is independent of the history of the system
Ex: Mass, Volume, Temperature, Pressure, Energy

Two states are equivalent if they have the same


properties.
State Postulate: The state of a simple compressible
system is completely specified by two independent,
intensive properties.
Process, Steady State, Thermodynamics Cycle

• Process:
Transformation from one state to another. When
property changes, state changes, and process occurs
• Steady State:
When properties remain same, state remains same.
None of the properties change with time
• Thermodynamics Cycle:
Sequence of processes that begins and ends at the same
state. Change in value of a property from one state to
another is solely dependent on the two end states and
is INDEPENDENT of the path of the process
Extensive / Intensive Properties
• Extensive Property:
Depends on the mass (or extent) of the system. Its
value for an overall system is the sum of its values for
parts into which it is divided. Can change with time,
Ex: mass, total volume (V), total energy (E)
• Intensive Property:
Independent of the mass of the system
Ex: Temperature (T), Pressure (P), Specific Volume (v)
Phase, Pure Substance, Equilibrium
• Phase: Quantity of matter that is homogenous
throughout (in chemical composition and physical
structure)
• Phase Boundaries: Interfaces between different phases
• Pure Substance: Uniform and invariable in chemical
composition. Can exist in more than one phase BUT
chemical composition must be the same in each phase
• If one phase is not identical to other phase = NOT a
pure substance
• Equilibrium: Condition of balance / No spontaneous
changes observed with respect to time
ISOLATE SYSTEM
WATCH ANY CHANGE IF NO CHANGE, AT
FROM
IN PROPERTIES EQUILIBRIUM
SURROUNDINGS
Quasiequilibrium/Quasistatic
Processes
• When a process proceeds in such a manner that the
system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium
state at all times, it is called a quasistatic, or quasi-
equilibrium, process.
• A quasi-equilibrium process can be viewed as a
sufficiently slow process that allows the system to
adjust itself internally so that properties in one part of
the system do not change any faster than those at
other parts.
Units (Fundamental / Derived)
(Or Primary / Secondary)
• Fundamental Units: such as Mass, Length, Time
• Derived Units: units derived from Fundamental Units,
Velocity, Energy, Pressure, Force etc
Specific Volume, Specific Gravity
𝑚
Density: 𝜌 = lim′
𝑉→𝑉 𝑉
Where 𝑉 ′ is the smallest volume for which the ratio exists.

Specific Volume: is the reciprocal of density: 𝑣 = 1/𝜌

Specific Gravity: is the density of a substance compared


𝜌
to that of water: 𝑆𝐺 =
𝜌 𝐻2 𝑂
Molar Basis
The amount of a substance can be given on a molar
𝑚
basis in terms of the kilomole (kmol) as: 𝑛 =
𝑀
Where n is the number of kilomoles (1000 moles) of a
substance, and M is the molecular weight in kg/kmol

Properties stated on a molar basis have a bar used over


their symbol, such as 𝑣ҧ given by 𝑣ҧ = 𝑀𝑣, represents the
volume per kmol
Pressure (Absolute, gage, vacuum)
𝐹𝑛
Pressure is given by: 𝑃 = lim′
𝐴→𝐴 𝐴
Where A’ is the area at the ‘point’ of interest and 𝐹𝑛 is
the compressive force exerted by the fluid normal to
the area.
Common units are:
1 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 1 𝑁/𝑚2
1 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 103 𝑁/𝑚2
1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 105 𝑁/𝑚2
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ≅ 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎 at sea level = 14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖
1 𝑘𝑔𝑓Τ𝑐𝑚2 = 9.807 × 104 𝑃𝑎
• Absolute Pressure: Actual pressure at a given point
w.r.t. P = 0
• Gage Pressure: Difference between absolute pressure
and local atmospheric pressure
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 – 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
• Vacuum Pressure = Negative Gage Pressure
𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 – 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠
Pressure Variation with Elevation
𝑝 − 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝜌𝑔𝐿
Pressure measurement
• Manometers
• Bourdon Tube
• Piezoelectric Sensors
Thermal Equilibrium, Zeroth Law,
Thermometers, Temperature Scales
• If both A and B are in thermal equilibrium with C
(have the same temperature as C) then they are also
in thermal equilibrium with each other.
• Temperature Scales:
Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Rankine
• Temperature Sensors:
Thermocouples, Thermistors, etc

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