Signals and Systems
Lecture - 01
Text Books:
‘Signals and Systems’ I J Nagrath, R Ranjan & S Sharan, 2009 Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Reference Books:
‘Signals and Systems’ A V Oppenheim, A S Willsky & S H Nawab, 2003 Edition, Pearson Education.
‘Signals and Systems’ Schaum’s outlines, H P SU & R Ranjan, Tata McGraw Hill, India.
July 21, 2019 Dronacharya College of Engineering
Signals & Systems
Signal: Single valued function of one or more
independent variables which contain which contain
information about the behavior or nature of some
phenomenon.
For example, Human speech, Electric current,
Electric Voltage, Image signal.
Figure 1 Voice signal
System: Entity that acts on an input signal and transforms it into an output
or some desired signal. It may be single input-single output, single input-
multi output, multi input-single output or multi input-multi output.
For example, electric circuit is a system, which responds to applied voltages
and currents, robot arm is a system whose movements are the response to
control inputs.
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Classification of Signals
Signals may be classified into:
Single-channel & Multi-channel signals
Single-dimensional & Multi-dimensional signals
Continuous-time & Discrete-time signals
Analogue & Digital signals
Energy & Power signals
Periodic & Aperiodic signals
Deterministic & Random signals
Causal & Non-causal signals
Even & Odd signals
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Multichannel & Multidimensional Signals
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Continuous-time vs Discrete-time Signals
Continuous-time signal is
defined for every value of
time in the continuous
interval (a, b). For example,
speech wave, cost.
Figure 2 Continuous-time signal
Discrete-time signal is
defined for certain specific
values of time. They can be
obtained by sampling of
analog signals or by
accumulating data over a
period of time.
Figure 3 Discrete-time signal
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Analogue vs Digital Signals
Analogue (Continuous-valued) signal takes all possible value on a finite
or an infinite range.
Figure 4 Analogue, Continuous-time signal Figure 5 Analogue, Discrete-time signal
Digital (Discrete-valued) signal takes on values from a finite set of
possible values.
Figure 6 Digital, Continuous-time signal Figure 7 Digital, Discrete-time signal
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Energy vs Power Signals
for continuous signal x(t)
for discrete signal x[n]
for continuous signal x(t)
for discrete signal x[n]
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Deterministic vs Random Signals
Deterministic signal can be uniquely described by an explicit
mathematical expression, tabular data or a well defined rule without nay
uncertainty.
Figure 8 Deterministic signal
Random signal cannot be described by an explicit mathematical
expression (to reasonable degree of accuracy) or its too complicated to be
of practical use. For example, Speech, Noise generator, Seismic waves.
July 21, 2019 Figure 9 Random signal Dronacharya College of Engineering
Causal, Non-causal vs Anti-Causal Signals
a) Causal signal is zero for time < 0.
Figure 10 Causal signal
a) Anti-Causal signal is zero for time 0.
Figure 11 Anti-Causal signal
b) Non-Causal signal have non zero values
in both positive & negative time.
Figure 12 Non-causal signal
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Even vs Odd Signals
Figure 13 Even signal
Figure 14 Odd signal
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