This document provides information about building information systems and system development. It discusses how building a new information system involves planned organizational change that goes beyond new hardware and software to include changes to jobs, skills, management and organization. It outlines the system development process which includes system analysis, design, programming, testing, conversion, and production/maintenance. Specific methodologies for system design like structured and object-oriented are also covered. Examples of data flow diagrams are provided to illustrate system functions and information flows.
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Building Information System: Satinder Kaur
This document provides information about building information systems and system development. It discusses how building a new information system involves planned organizational change that goes beyond new hardware and software to include changes to jobs, skills, management and organization. It outlines the system development process which includes system analysis, design, programming, testing, conversion, and production/maintenance. Specific methodologies for system design like structured and object-oriented are also covered. Examples of data flow diagrams are provided to illustrate system functions and information flows.
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BUILDING INFORMATION
SYSTEM Satinder Kaur Faculty in Management [email protected] System as Planned Organizational Change
• Building a new Information System is a
Planned organizational change. • It is much more than a new hardware and software. • It involves changes in jobs, skills, management & organization. System Development & Organizational Change Four types of structural changes enabled by IT 1. Automation 2. Rationalization 3. Reengineering 4. Paradigm Shifts Business Process Reengineering • A business process is a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined business outcome. Re-engineering is the basis for many recent developments in management System Development Systems Developments is a structured kind of problem solving with distinct activities. These Activities consist of • System Analysis • System Design • System Development Process • Programming • Testing • Conversion • Production & Maintenance System Analysis System analysis is the analysis of the problem that organization try to solve with information system. It consist of- • Defining the problem • Identifying the causes • Specifying the solution • Identifying the information requirement System analyst create the road map of the existing organization systems, identify the problem and then suggest alternative solutions . It also include feasibility study about the feasibility of solution technically, financially and at organization level. System Design • System design is the overall plan or model for the new system. It is like the blueprint of building. • It consist of all the specifications that will deliver the functions identified during system analysis. System Development Process Programming
• During programming stage, system
specifications that were prepared during the design stage are translated into software programme code.
• Also, if the software that meets the
requirements for the new system from external source can be purchased. System Development Process Testing System Development Process Conversion System Development Process Production & Maintenance System Designing Methodologies Structured Methodology Object Oriented Methodology Structured Methodology • It is step by step approach with each step building on the previous one.
• It is top down ,progressing from highest, most
abstract level to the lowest level of the detail.
• It is process oriented focusing on modeling the
processes or actions that capture store, manipulate and distribute data as the data flow through a system. Process Model • A process is a business activity which when executed produces certain outputs from given inputs • The function(s) performed by a process may be complex, with multiple inputs, outputs and users • The entire application itself is a process • We use successive decomposition into sub processes to reveal greater details of the processing Function Decomposition • Decomposition splits the task into subtasks; subtasks together make-up the parent task; • Balanced decomposition: sub-tasks are roughly equal in complexity Function Decomposition • Top-down decomposition gives hierarchical structure • Decompose into 2 or more; not more than 5 • A high cohesion (high independence) and minimum coupling (minimum interdependence) are fundamental criteria • Continue decomposition until elementary processes are identified Function Decomposition • Elementary process is a smallest unit of activity meaningful to end user (it sees and leaves data in consistent state) • Process decomposition diagram – A tree structure – Elementary processes are leaf nodes – Data are not shown Function Decomposition … • Use proper naming of processes • Business functions named as nouns (marketing, Inventory control, …) • Process name consists of an active verb and an object (accept order, calculate interest, …) Data Flow Diagram (DFD) • Very popular tool for describing functions of a system in terms of processes and data used by them • DFDs are simple pictorial representations; easily understood by users and management. Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) … • DFDs are unambiguous and concise • They can describe processing at physical as well as logical levels • DFDs facilitate top-down development • They permit outlining of preferences and scope DFD Notation • Data Flow : labeled arrow
• Sources and sinks of information/data (also called external entity)
or
• Process
or
• Available data (data store)
or n DFD Example 1: Payroll DFD Example 2: Old Car Mart • Buys and sells old cars; has large number in stock: different models, make, year, colors,… • Does some repairs for adding value; records kept; has own garage • Advertise in news papers • Salesmen hired on commission basis to handle customers, negotiate, etc. • Needs to take stocks; prepare summary of sales, profits, etc; pay salesmen Example 3: Book Supplier • Supplies books to customers; no stocks maintained; books sourced directly from publishers • Prepare context diagrams
(all inputs/output not shown, such as invoices,…..
Book-Supplier : Refinement 1 Book Supplier: Exploding Process 2