100% found this document useful (2 votes)

3K views24 pages

Lesson 4.2 Intermediate and Extreme Value Theorem

1. The intermediate value theorem (IVT) states that if a function is continuous over a closed interval, then for any value between the function values at the endpoints, there exists a value in the interval where the function equals that value. 2. The extreme value theorem (EVT) states that if a function is continuous over a closed interval, then it obtains both a maximum and minimum value over that interval. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply the IVT and EVT to find the values of c that satisfy a given intermediate value m, and the maximum and minimum function values over an interval.

Uploaded by

あき

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

100% found this document useful (2 votes)

3K views24 pages

Lesson 4.2 Intermediate and Extreme Value Theorem

Uploaded by

あき

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 24

LESSON 4.

2:
INTERMEDIATE AND EXTREME
VALUE THEOREMS
INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM
Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)
If a function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous over a closed
interval [𝑎, 𝑏], then for every value 𝑚 between
𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑏), there is a value 𝑐 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] such
that 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑚.
𝒚 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒃)
Observe that for any value
we assign 𝑚 in between 𝑓(𝑎) 𝒎
𝑷
and 𝑓(𝑏) , the consequent
position of the red dot 𝒇(𝒂)
assigns a corresponding
value of 𝑐 between 𝑎 and 𝑏.
𝒙
𝒂 𝒄 𝒃
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3 continuous over [2, 6] .
What value of 𝑐 will satisfy the IVT given
that 𝑚 = 5?

Solution: First, we evaluate 𝑓(2) & 𝑓(6);

𝑓 2 = 2 2 − 3 = 𝟏 & 𝑓 6 = 2 6 − 3 = 𝟗.
Since 5 is intermediate between 1 & 9,
then by IVT there is 𝑐 ∈ [2, 6] , such that
𝑓(𝑐) = 𝟓. Therefore,
𝑓 𝑐 = 2𝑐 − 3 ⇒ 2𝑐 = 8 ⇒ 𝑐 = 𝟒
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
The graph of 𝒚
𝒇(𝒃)
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3
confirms that the
intermediate value
𝒎
theorem or the IVT
holds true for the
interval [2, 6] and
value 𝑚 = 5. 𝒇(𝒂)
𝒙
𝒂 𝒄 𝒃
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 be continuous over [−1, 3].
Find the value(s) of 𝑐 that satisfy the IVT
given that 𝑚 = 6.

Solution: Evaluate 𝑓(−1) & 𝑓(3), then

𝑓 −1 = (−1)2 −2(−1) = 𝟑
𝑓 3 = (3)2 −2(3) = 𝟑

Since 6 is not intermediate to 3 and 3,

then IVT does not hold true or 𝑐 ∉ [−1, 3].
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 is continuous over
[0, 10], find the value of 𝑐 which satisfies
the IVT where 𝑚 = 64?

Solution: Evaluate 𝑓(0) & 𝑓(10), then

𝑓 0 = 20 = 𝟏 and 𝑓 10 = 210 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒
Since 64 is intermediate to 1 and 1024,
then IVT holds true or there is 𝑐 ∈ [0, 10].
Thus,
𝑓 𝑐 = 2𝑐 = 64 ⇒ 2𝑐 = 26 ⇒ 𝑐 = 𝟔
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 is continuous over
[0, 𝜋], find the value of 𝑐 which satisfies the
1
IVT where 𝑚 = ?
2

Solution: Evaluate 𝑓(0) & 𝑓(𝜋), then

𝑓 0 = cos 0 = 𝟏 and 𝑓 𝜋 = cos 𝜋 = −𝟏
Since 1/2 is intermediate to -1 and 1, then
IVT holds true or there is 𝑐 ∈ [0, 𝜋]. Thus,
1 −1
1 𝝅
𝑓 𝑐 = cos 𝑐 = ⇒ 𝑐 = cos ⇒𝑐=
2 2 𝟑
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Let
𝟑 𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝟕

be a function continuous over −2, 4 .

Find the value(s) of 𝑐 which satisfy

the IVT where 𝑚 = 1.
EXTREME VALUE THEOREM
An extreme value of 𝑓, or extremum, is either
a minimum or maximum value of the function.
• A minimum value of 𝑓 occurs at some 𝑥 = 𝑐
if 𝑓 𝑐 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 ≠ 𝑐 in the interval.
• A maximum value of 𝑓 occurs at some 𝑥 = 𝑐
if 𝑓 𝑐 ≥ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 ≠ 𝑐 in the interval.
Extreme Value Theorem (EVT)

If a function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous over a closed

interval [𝑎, 𝑏], then 𝑓(𝑥) is guaranteed to reach
a maximum and a minimum on [𝑎, 𝑏].
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Find the extrema of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1
on the interval [1, 4].

Solution: The linear function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1 on

[1, 4] exhibits the extrema at the endpoints.
The minimum occurs at 𝑥 = 1 , giving the
minimum value of 𝑓 1 = 2 1 + 1 = 𝟑 .The
maximum occurs at 𝑥 = 4 , giving the
maximum value of 𝑓 4 = 2 4 + 1 = 𝟗 . Thus,
the extrema of the function on [1, 4] are 3 and
9.
𝒚 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
max value ⇒

The graph of 𝑓 𝑥 =
2𝑥 + 1 shows that
the extrema of the
function (maximum
& minimum values)
occur at the
endpoints of the
interval [1, 4].
min value ⇒

In this case the

extrema are 9 and
3 respectively.
𝒙
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Find the extrema of the function𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
on the interval [−1, 4].

Solution: The quadratic function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥

on [−1, 4] exhibits the extremum at one
endpoint and a point inside the interval (or, an
interior point).
The minimum occurs at 𝑥 = 1 (vertex point), &
the minimum value is 𝑓 1 = (1)2 −2 1 = −𝟏.
The maximum occurs at 𝑥 = 5 , giving the
maximum value of 𝑓 4 = (4)2 −2 4 = 𝟖.
𝒚
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙
max value ⇒

Observe that
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 on
[−1, 4] has a
maximum value
at one endpoint
and a minimum
value at an
interior point.

The extrema are

8 and -1. 𝒙
min value ⇒
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.1
Find the extrema of the function𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
on the interval [2, 5].

Solution: The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 on [2, 5]

exhibits the extrema at the endpoints of the
interval.

The minimum occurs at 𝑥 = 2 & the minimum

value is 𝑓 2 = (2)2 −2 2 = 𝟎.
The maximum occurs at 𝑥 = 5 , giving the
maximum value of 𝑓 5 = (5)2 −2 5 = 𝟏𝟓.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
Find the extrema of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥−1
on the interval −1, 3 .

Solution:
The exponential function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥−1 on [−1, 3]
exhibits the extrema at the endpoints of the
interval. The minimum occurs at 𝑥 = −1 & the
𝟏
minimum value is 𝑓 −1 = (2)−1−1
=2 = .
−2
𝟒
The maximum occurs at 𝑥 = 3 and the
maximum value is 𝑓 3 = (2)3−1 = 22 = 𝟒.
𝒚
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙−𝟏

The extreme
values of 𝑓 are max value ⇒
𝟏
and 𝟒 on the
𝟒
interval [−1, 3].

Maximum
value is 4 & 0.25 min value 𝒙
minimum
1
value is .
4
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3.1
Find the extrema of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥+2
on the interval −2, 1.5 .

Solution: The natural exponential function

defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥+2 on [−2, 1.5] exhibits the
extrema at the endpoints of the interval.

• Minimum value: 𝑓 −2 = 𝑒 −2+2 = 𝑒 0 = 𝟏

• Maximum value: 𝑓 1.5 = 𝑒 1.5+2 = 𝑒 3.5 ≈ 𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟐
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
Find the extrema of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 on
𝜋 𝜋
the interval − , .
2 2

Solution: The sine function 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 on

𝜋 𝜋
− , exhibits the extrema at the endpoints of
2 2
the interval.
𝜋 𝜋
• Minimum value: 𝑓 − 2 = sin − 2 = −𝟏
𝜋 𝜋
• Maximum value: 𝑓 = sin =𝟏
2 2
The extreme values of 𝑓 are −𝟏 and 𝟏 on the
𝜋 𝜋
interval − , . The maximum value is 1 and
2 2
minimum value is −1.

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
max value ⇒

min value
⇒
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4.1
Find the extrema (maximum and minimum)
𝜋
of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 − on the
2
𝜋
interval 0, .
2
𝜋
Solution: The cosine function 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 − 2
𝜋
on 0, exhibits the extrema at the endpoints
2
of the interval.
𝜋 𝜋
• Min value: 𝑓 0 = cos 0 −
2
= cos 0 −
2
=𝟎
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
• Max value: 𝑓 = cos − = cos 0 = 𝟏
2 2 2
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Consider the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 2 .
Find its extrema on each given interval.

1. [−2, − 2] 3. [−1.5, 1]

2. [−2, −1] 4. [−2, 2]

𝒚
1. [−2, − 2]
max ⇒ 0
min ⇒ -8 𝒙
2. [−2, −1]
max ⇒ 0
min ⇒ -8

3. [−1.5, 1]
max ⇒ 0
min ⇒ -8

4. [−2, 2]
max ⇒ 0
min ⇒ -8
PRACTICE EXERCISES
A. What value(s) of 𝑐, if any, will satisfy the IVT
for the given function 𝑓 and the given value 𝑚, on
the given interval [𝑎, 𝑏] . If there is (are) none,
provide an explanation.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 11 + 9𝑥, 𝑚 = 18, [−1, 4]
1
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥, 𝑚 = −16, [2, 6]
2
𝑥
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑚 = −1, [−1, 0]
𝑥−2

4. 𝑓 𝑥 = (−3)2𝑥+1 , 𝑚 = −27, [0, 2]

2
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥, 𝑚 = , [−𝜋, 𝜋]
2
PRACTICE EXERCISES
B. Determine the extrema (both maximum and
minimum values) of the function on the interval
indicated. If none, provide an explanation.

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 11, [−3, 8]
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1, (−1, 11)
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3(2𝑥+4 ), [−3, −1]
4. 𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑥 + 3|, [−5, 10]
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥, [0, 2𝜋]
6. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1, [−1, 1]