m
Õ
2 ͞Repeated or continuous observations or measurements of the
patient, his or her physiological function, and the function of life
support equipment, for the purpose of guiding management
decisions, including when to make therapeutic interventions, and
assessment of those interventions͟ .
2 A patient monitor may not only alert caregivers to potentially life-
threatening events; many provide physiologic input data used to
control directly connected life-support devices.
x Õ
2 matients with unstable physiological regulatory systems; for example, a
patient whose respiratory system is suppressed by a drug overdose or
anesthesia
2 matients with a suspected life-threatening condition; for example, a
patient who has findings indicating an acute myocardial infarction (heart
attack)
2 matients at high risk of developing a life-threatening condition; for
example, patients immediately after open-heart surgery or a premature
infant whose heart and lungs are not fully developed
2 matients in a critical physiological state; for example, patients with multiple
trauma or septic shock.
2 Mother and baby during the labor and delivery process
Õ
2 ?isual monitoring of
respiration and overall
clinical appearance
2 Finger on pulse Ô
2 Blood pressure
(sometimes)
Õ
2 BC - meripheral mulse Egyptians
2 Santorio - Measure body temperature with spirit
2 Sir John Foyer pulse watch.
2 Ludwig Taube patient͛s fever measurement
2 At this time Temperature, pulse rate respiratory rate had
become standard vital signs.
2 Scipione Riva- Rocci introduced the sphygmomanometer.
2 Nikolai koroktoff applied the cuff with the stethoscope
2 s Harvey Cushing applied routine blood pressure in
operating rooms.
The aim and philosophy of patient monitoring J. S. S. Stewart
Õ
2 Willem Einthoven devised the string
galvanometer to measure ECG (Nobel mrize )
2 World war II Development of transducers.
2 The ICU͛s were established
2 Late ͚s and early ͚ bedside monitors built around
bouncing balls or conventional oscilloscope.
2 ͚
Systems with
database functions, report-generation systems, and
some decision-making capabilities.
The aim and philosophy of patient monitoring J. S. S. Stewart
Ñ
Õ
2 Electronic medical device that measures a patient's
vital signs and displays the data so obtained, which
may or may not be transmitted on a monitoring
network.
2 ?arious mhysiological variables being measured
Temperature
Heart rate and rhythm
Respiratory rate
Blood pressure
Blood-oxygen saturation
ë
x
2 Gives an estimate of oxygen saturation
2 Uses spectrophotometry based on the Beer-Lambert
law
2 Differentiates oxy- from deoxyhemoglobin by the
differences in absorption at nm and nm
2 Estimates heart rate by measuring cyclic changes in
light transmission
2 Measures types of hemoglobin: deoxy, oxy,
carboxy, and met
2 Estimates functional hemoglobin saturation:
oxyhemoglobin/deoxy + oxy hemoglobin
m
2 Transmittance
2 Reflectance
x
2
2
2 Intermittent mressure Measurement
2 Continuous mressure Measurement
?asotrac
T-Line Tensymeter
Õ
Õ
?asotrac
T-Line Tensymeter
2 Thermistor
2 Thermocouple
2 mlatinum Wire R = R(+ɲT)
2 Liquid Crystal
2 Infrared
2 Thermistor Method:
2 Impedance mneumography
2 CO Method of Respiration Rate Measurement
Ô
Õ
2 Analog monitors
2 Digital monitoring
2 Multi- channel & Multi- marameter monitors
à Õ
2 Handheld
2 mortable
2 Monitor/Defibrillator (usually portable)
2 Tabletop
2 Networkable / non-networkable
2 Wired / wireless data transmission
2 Mains powered or mains + battery powered
2 The major standards and guidelines for this field
include those for anaesthesia
Standards for basic anaesthetic monitoring
Canadian Anaesthetic Standards.
2 IEC -- - standard concerning particular
requirements for the safety of multifunction patient
monitoring equipment.
Î Õ
2 mhillips
2 General Electronics
2 Larsen & Toubro
2 mhillips monitors come under major classifications .
Intellivue - Models
Suresigns ʹ Models
2 Warranty and service vary according to country and
initial agreements
2 Includes areas like anaesthesia, Wireless, mortable,
Widescreen etc.
Ô
2 Models & Types
2 They have multiple ranges in terms of both function
and cost
2 Includes areas like anaesthesia, MRI Compatible,
Wireless, mortable, Widescreen etc.
2 Warranty and service vary according to country and
initial agreements
Ñ
2 Models
mortable
?ariation in display properties and parameters
measured
2 years spare and labour warranty ( other than
portable model years)
2
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