GROWTH
OF
PROFESSIONALISM
• Nursing has taking a big step now. And it’s
growth shows that the number of people that get
the necessary medical assistance grows too.
• Nursing care has developed mainly owing
to the high level of professionalism
demonstrated in the last couple of years.
As nurses are indeed required
professionals their duty is to focus on the
kind of care they are giving. It especially
concerns the people that have difficult and
hard to cure diseases. They have to focus
on the quality of the care they give. Their
knowledge has to be narrower
1.) PROFESSION
• A profession has a unique
body of knowledge and
values – and a
perspective to go with it.
• The whole body of
persons engaged in a
calling or vocation
PROFESSION
• The nursing profession began with a
genuine desire to serve and care for
others, combined with a sense of
compassion and commitment. Nurses
are special people.
• Nursing is a unique profession
because of its synthesis of practice,
multidimensional
assessment/intervention,
interpersonal communication, case
management, and resource-linking on
behalf of patient
PROFESSIONAL
• Characterized by, or
conforming to, the
technical or ethical
standards of a
profession
PROFESSIONAL
• Professionals are expected
to show a degree of special
attainment, altruism, and
self-sacrifice in their
dealings with the rest of the
community and in return
receive privileges both in the
workplace and at large
PROFESSIONALISM
• Professionalism is a
calling which requires
specialized knowledge
and often long and
extensive academic
preparation.
PROFESSIONALISM
• In order to emphasize
professionalism within
nursing, each nurse needs
to understand the
opportunities,
responsibilities and
concerns that are integral to
the nursing profession.
a.) Specialized Education
• the aggregate of systematized
knowledge and practical abilities
required for the performance of
skilled work in a given specialty.
A Master's Degree
A Doctorate
Certifications
State Licenses
Exams
Master's Degree
• A master's degree in nursing is
essential for certain nursing
specialties.
• For example, if you wish to
become a nurse anesthesiologist
or a certified nurse midwife you
must complete a master's
degree in the field of
anesthesiology or midwifery.
Doctorate
• Nurses who wish to teach in a
nursing school, college or university are
strongly advised to have doctorates in the
field of nursing.
• A doctorate in the field indicates that the
nurse has performed original research.
• Doctorate holders may teach classes and
assume leadership roles in the field of
nursing. They may teach nurses in an
academic setting, supervise hospital nurses
or work in an administrative role
Certifications
• A nurse who specializes in a
specific field of health care
may be required to complete
a course of specialized
training in that field.
Licenses
• All nurses are required to pass a
state licensing exam in order to
become employed. Some nurses
may choose to complete additional
state licensing exams. Some states
accept licenses from other states
but many do not have reciprocal
licensing agreements.
b.) Body of Knowledge
• Body of Knowledge (BOK)
is a term used to represent
the complete set of
concepts, terms and
activities that make up a
professional domain.
c.) Ethics
• Branch of philosophy
concerned with determining
right and wrong in relation to
people’s decisions and
actions.
Ethics
• The values or moral
principles governing
relationships between the
nurse and patient, the
patient's family, other
members of the health
professions, and the general
public.
d.) Autonomy
• is a concept found in moral, political,
and bioethical philosophy.
• autonomy is often used as the basis
for determining moral responsibility
for one's actions
• Nursing is an autonomous, self-
governing profession, a distinct
scientific discipline with many
autonomous practice features.
• Professional autonomy means having the
authority to make decisions and the
freedom to act in accordance with one's
professional knowledge base.
• An understanding of autonomy is needed to
clarify and develop the nursing profession in
rapidly changing health care environments
and internationally there is a concern about
how the core elements of nursing are taken
care of when focusing on expansion and
extension of specialist nursing roles.
4 Fundamental Patterns of Knowing
• "Nursing depends on the scientific
knowledge of human behavior in health
and in illness, the esthetic perception
of significant human experiences, a
personal understanding of the unique
individuality of the self, and the
capacity to make choices within
concrete situations involving particular
moral judgments."Barbara A. Carper,
1978
Carper's fundamental ways of
knowing
• is a typology that attempts
to classify the different
sources from which
knowledge and beliefs in
professional practice
(originally specifically
nursing) can or have been
derived.
CARPER’S 4 PATTERN OF
KNOWING
1.) The Science in Nursing
(Empirical)
Empirical:
Factual knowledge from science
or other external sources, that
can be empirically verified.
• Empirical knowledge, which can
only be found in books and
research.
The Science of Nursing is a continuously
evolving process of inquiry.
Nursing Science
Nurses rely on intuition - the lived
experience
practical knowledge such as
evidence-based practice
influence of other disciplines
i.e. pathology, physiology,
pharmacology, sociology,
psychology, biology, chemistry,
etc.;
Conceptual models and informatics.
2.) Nursing Ethics
• Ethical:
Attitudes and knowledge derived
from an ethical framework,
including an awareness of moral
questions and choices.
Ethical knowledge, which consists
of one's moral and religious
beliefs
Nursing Ethics
• An expression of how nurses
ought to conduct themselves.
• Refers to ethical standards that
govern and guide nurses in
everyday practice such as
“being truthful with clients”
“respecting client confidentiality”
and “advocating on behalf of the
client.”
3.)Nursing Aesthetics
• Aesthetic: Awareness of the
immediate situation, seated in
immediate practical action;
including awareness of the
patient and their circumstances
as uniquely individual, and of
the combined wholeness of the
situation.
Aesthetic knowledge,
which refers to the art of
doing something and how
you do it.
4.) Personal Knowledge
• Personal: Knowledge and
attitudes derived from
personal self-understanding and
empathy, including imagining
one's self in the patient's position.
• Personal knowledge, which you
can only get from experiences.
Level of Proficiency according
to Benner
• Novice
• Beginner
• Competent
• Proficient
• Expert
Novice
• Beginners have had no
experience of the situations in
which they are expected to
perform.
• Novices are taught rules to help
them perform.
• "Just tell me what I need to do
and I'll do it."
Novice
• The novice has no practical
experience and must base what
they do on principles and rules.
• Benner states that “nursing
students enter a new clinical
area as novices; they have little
understanding of the contextual
meaning of the recently learned
textbook terms”.
Advanced Beginner
• Advanced beginners are those who can
demonstrate marginally acceptable
performance,
• those who have coped with enough real
situations to note, or to have pointed out to
them by a mentor, the recurring meaningful
situational components.
• These components require prior experience
in actual situations for recognition.
Principles to guide actions begin to be
formulated.
• The principles are based on
experience.
Advanced Beginner
• The advanced beginner has dealt with
enough real patient care experiences to
recognize recurring components of the
situation.
• They are also learning to discriminate
between normal and abnormal
situations and establish priorities as to
what’s important.
Competent
• Competence, typified by the
nurse who has been on the job
in the same or similar situations
two or three years, develops
when the nurse begins to see
his or her actions in terms of
long-range goals or plans of
which he or she is consciously
aware.
Competent
• The competent nurse is better at
projecting into the future and
developing plans based on
“conscious, abstract, analytic
contemplation of the problem”
• This promotes efficiency and
organization.
Competent
• Although the competent
nurse has a sense of
mastery and is able to cope
with a number of variables,
she/he still “lacks the speed
and flexibility of the
proficient nurse”
Proficient
• The proficient nurse knows
from experience what to
expect in given situations
and how to modify plans.
Rather than having to
analyze and calculate a
plan, the plan simply
“presents itself.”
Proficient
• The proficient nurse can now
recognize when the expected normal
picture does not materialize. This
holistic understanding improves the
proficient nurse's decision making; it
becomes less labored because the
nurse now has a perspective on
which of the many existing attributes
and aspects in the present situation
are the important ones.
The Expert
• The expert has an intuitive grasp
of situations based on extensive
experience.
• Rules, guidelines, and maxims
are no longer necessary for
dealing with familiar situations
although the expert refers back
to analytic methods when faced
with new situations. .
The Expert
• The expert is able to zero in on
the problem and performance
becomes fluid, flexible, and
highly proficient.
• The expert has a difficult time
explaining what they know and
how they know it because it has
become internalized.
The Expert
• The expert operates from a deep
understanding of the total situation.
• The chess master, for instance,
when asked why he or she made a
particularly masterful move, will just
say: "Because it felt right; it looked
good." The performer is no longer
aware of features and rules; his/her
performance becomes fluid and
flexible and highly proficient.
