PRESENTATION ON

GSM
NETWORK

BY:-
Arun Bera
ECE(3rd year)
TICT
 Contents
• GSM-Introduction
• Architecture
• Technical Specification & Operation
• Frame Structure
• Channels
• Call Routing
• Security
• Characteristics and features
• Applications
• GSM Future
 WHAT IS GSM ??

Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation

cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data
delivery using digital modulation.
 GSM SERVICES

 Tele-services
 Bearer or Data Services
 Supplementary services
 Tele Services

• Telecommunication services that enable voice communication

via mobile phones
• Offered services
- Mobile telephony
- Emergency calling

Back to GSM Services

 Bearer Services

 Include various data services for information transfer

between GSM and other networks like PSTN, ISDN etc at
rates from 300 to 9600 bps
 Short Message Service (SMS)
up to 160 character alphanumeric data transmission
to/from the mobile terminal
 Unified Messaging Services(UMS)
 Group 3 fax
 Voice mailbox
 Electronic mail

Back to GSM Services

 Supplementary Services
Call related services :
• Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the
handset
• Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call
• Call Barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls
• Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined
by the user
• Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together
• CLIP – Caller line identification presentation
• CLIR – Caller line identification restriction
• CUG – Closed user group
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 GSM System Architecture
PSTN
ISDN
PDN
BSC
MS BTS
MSC
GMSC

BTS BSC
VLR
MS
BTS EIR
AUC
MS HLR
 GSM System Architecture-I

 Mobile Station (MS)

Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
 Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
 Mobile Station (MS)

The Mobile Station is made up of two entities:

1. Mobile Equipment (ME)

2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
 Mobile Equipment

 Portable,vehicle mounted, hand held device

 Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
 Voice and data transmission
 Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells
for optimum handover
 Power level : 0.8W – 20 W
 160 character long SMS.
 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

 Smart card contains the International Mobile

Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
 Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other
subscribed services
 Encoded network identification details
- Key Ki , Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms
 Protected by a password or PIN
 Can be moved from phone to phone – contains key
information to activate the phone

Back to GSM Archt.

 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts
that communicate across the standardized Abis
interface allowing operation between components
made by different suppliers

1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

2. Base Station Controller (BSC)
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

 Encodes,encrypts,multiplexes,modulates and feeds the

RF signals to the antenna.
 Frequency hopping
 Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
 Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units

Back to BSS
Base Station Controller (BSC)

 Manages Radio resources for BTS

 Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MS’s in its area
 Handles call set up
 Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality
 Handover for each MS
 Radio Power control
 It communicates with MSC and BTS

Back to GSM Archt.

Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)

• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

• Home Location Register (HLR)
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• Authentication Center (AUC)
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
 Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

 Heart of the network

 Manages communication between GSM and other networks
 Call setup function and basic switching
 Call routing
 Billing information and collection
 Mobility management
- Registration
- Location Updating
- Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff
 MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to other
network by using HLR/VLR.
 Home Location Registers (HLR)

- permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service

area(generally one per GSM network operator)
 database contains IMSI,MSISDN,prepaid/postpaid,roaming
restrictions,supplementary services.

Visitor Location Registers (VLR)

 Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area,
by HLR database
 Controls those mobiles roaming in its area
 Reduces number of queries to HLR
 Database contains IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location
Area,authentication key
 Authentication Center (AUC)

 Protects against intruders in air interface

 Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and
provides security triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc)
 Generally associated with HLR

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

- Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI

(International Mobile Equipment Identity)
 Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black
List and the Gray List
 Only one EIR per PLMN Back to contents
 GSM Specification
 Carrier Separation : 200 Khz
 Duplex Distance : 45 Mhz
 No. of RF carriers : 124
 Access Method : TDMA/FDMA
 Modulation Method : GMSK
 Modulation data rate : 270.833 Kbps
 GSM uses paired radio channels

PLINK
U

L INK
W N
DO

890MHz 915MHz 935MHz 960MHz

0 124 0 124
 GSM Operation
Speech Speech

Speech coding Speech decoding

13 Kbps
Channel Coding Channel decoding

22.8 Kbps
Interleaving De-interleaving
22.8 Kbps

Burst Formatting Burst Formatting

33.6 Kbps

Ciphering De-ciphering
33.6 Kbps
Radio Interface
Modulation
270.83 Kbps Demodulation
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GSM-Frame Structure

Back to contents
Physical Channel
Logical Channels
Half rate 11.4kbps
Speech
TCH
(traffic) Full rate 22.8kbps
2.4 kbps
Data
4.8 kbps
9.6 kbps
BCH FCCH(Frequency correction)

SCH(Synchronization)
PCH(Paging)
CCCH
RACH(Random Access)
CCH AGCH(Access Grant)
(control)

Dedicated SDCCH(Stand Alone)

SACCH(Slow-associated)
FACCH(Fast-associated)
Back to conte
 Call Routing

 Call Originating from MS

 Call termination to MS
Outgoing Call

1. MS sends dialled number to BSS

2. BSS sends dialled number to MSC
3,4 MSC checks VLR if MS is allowed
the requested service.If so,MSC
asks BSS to allocate resources for
call.
5 MSC routes the call to GMSC
6 GMSC routes the call to local
exchange of called user
7, 8,
9,10 Answer back(ring back) tone is
routed from called user to MS via
GMSC,MSC,BSS
 1. Calling a GSM
Incoming Call subscribers
2. Forwarding call to
GSMC
3. Signal Setup to HLR
4. 5. Request MSRN from
VLR
6. Forward responsible
MSC to GMSC
7. Forward Call to current
MSC
8. 9. Get current status of
MS
10.11. Paging of MS
12.13. MS answers
14.15. Security checks
16.17. Set up connection
Handovers

 Between 1 and 2 – Inter

BTS / Intra BSC
 Between 1 and 3 –
Inter BSC/ Intra MSC
 Between 1 and 4 –
Inter MSC

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 Security in GSM

 On air interface, GSM uses encryption and TMSI instead

of IMSI.
 SIM is provided 4-8 digit PIN to validate the ownership of
SIM
 3 algorithms are specified :
- A3 algorithm for authentication
- A5 algorithm for encryption
- A8 algorithm for key generation
Authentication in GSM
Key generation and Encryption
Characteristics of GSM Standard
 Fully digital system using 900,1800 MHz frequency band.
 TDMA over radio carriers(200 KHz carrier spacing.
 8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier.
 User/terminal authentication for fraud control.
 Encryption of speech and data transmission over the
radio path.
 Full international roaming capability.
 Low speed data services (upto 9.6 Kb/s).
 Compatibility with ISDN.
 Support of Short Message Service (SMS).
Advantages of GSM over Analog system

 Capacity increases
 Reduced RF transmission power and longer battery life.
 International roaming capability.
 Better security against fraud (through terminal validation
and user authentication).
 Encryption capability for information security and
privacy.
 Compatibility with ISDN,leading to wider range of
services
 GSM Applications

 Mobile telephony
 GSM-R
 Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
 Value Added Services
Future Of GSM
 2nd Generation
 GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)

 2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)

 HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)
 Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
 GPRS (General Packet Radio service)
 Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
 EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)
 Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)
 3 Generation
 WCDMA(Wide band CDMA)
 Data rate : 0.348 – 2.0 Mbps
 4 Generation
 Data rate :
Thanks !
Questions ?