0% found this document useful (0 votes)
87 views42 pages

ImageProcessing4 ImageEnhancement (PointProcessing)

This document discusses various point processing techniques for image enhancement: 1. Point processing involves applying transformations to individual pixels without considering neighboring pixels. Transformations like negative images, thresholding, logarithmic and power law transforms are applied. 2. Logarithmic and power law transforms map a narrow range of input pixel values into a wider range of output values, which can enhance details in images. For example, a log transform applied to the Fourier transform of an image can reveal more detail. 3. Thresholding transforms isolate objects of interest from backgrounds by assigning pixel values of 1.0 or 0.0 depending on whether they are above or below a threshold. This can be used for image segmentation.

Uploaded by

Jahanvi Vyas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
87 views42 pages

ImageProcessing4 ImageEnhancement (PointProcessing)

This document discusses various point processing techniques for image enhancement: 1. Point processing involves applying transformations to individual pixels without considering neighboring pixels. Transformations like negative images, thresholding, logarithmic and power law transforms are applied. 2. Logarithmic and power law transforms map a narrow range of input pixel values into a wider range of output values, which can enhance details in images. For example, a log transform applied to the Fourier transform of an image can reveal more detail. 3. Thresholding transforms isolate objects of interest from backgrounds by assigning pixel values of 1.0 or 0.0 depending on whether they are above or below a threshold. This can be used for image segmentation.

Uploaded by

Jahanvi Vyas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 42

Digital Image Processing

Image Enhancement
(Point Processing)

Course Website: http://www.comp.dit.ie/bmacnamee


2
of
42
Contents
In this lecture we will look at image
enhancement point processing techniques:
– What is point processing?
– Negative images
– Thresholding
– Logarithmic transformation
– Power law transforms
– Grey level slicing
– Bit plane slicing
3
of
Basic Spatial Domain Image
42 Enhancement
Most spatial domain enhancement operations
can be reduced to the form
Origin x
g (x, y) = T[ f (x, y)]
where f (x, y) is the
input image, g (x, y) is
the processed image (x, y)
and T is some
operator defined over
some neighbourhood
of (x, y) y Image f (x, y)
4
of
42
Point Processing
The simplest spatial domain operations
occur when the neighbourhood is simply the
pixel itself
In this case T is referred to as a grey level
transformation function or a point processing
operation
Point processing operations take the form
s=T(r)
where s refers to the processed image pixel
value and r refers to the original image pixel
value
5
of
Point Processing Example:
42 Negative Images
Negative images are useful for enhancing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

white or grey detail embedded in dark


regions of an image
– Note how much clearer the tissue is in the
negative image of the mammogram below

Original Negative
s = 1.0 - r
Image Image
6
of
Point Processing Example:
42 Negative Images (cont…)
Original Image Enhanced Image x
x

y Image f (x, y) y Image f (x, y)

s = intensitymax - r
7
of
Point Processing Example:
42 Thresholding
Thresholding transformations are particularly
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

useful for segmentation in which we want to


isolate an object of interest from a
background

1.0 r > threshold


s=
0.0 r <= threshold
8
of
Point Processing Example:
42 Thresholding (cont…)
Original Image Enhanced Image x
x

y Image f (x, y) y Image f (x, y)

1.0 r > threshold


s=
0.0 r <= threshold
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
9
of
42
Intensity Transformations
10
of
42
Basic Grey Level Transformations
There are many different kinds of grey level
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

transformations
Three of the most
common are shown
here
– Linear
• Negative/Identity
– Logarithmic
• Log/Inverse log
– Power law
• nth power/nth root
11
of
42
Logarithmic Transformations
The general form of the log transformation is
s = c * log(1 + r)
The log transformation maps a narrow range
of low input grey level values into a wider
range of output values
The inverse log transformation performs the
opposite transformation
12
of
42
Logarithmic Transformations (cont…)

Log functions are particularly useful when


Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

the input grey level values may have an


extremely large range of values
In the following example the Fourier
transform of an image is put through a log
transform to reveal more detail

s = log(1 + r)
13
of
42
Logarithmic Transformations (cont…)

Original Image Enhanced Image x


x

y Image f (x, y) y Image f (x, y)

s = log(1 + r)

We usually set c to 1
Grey levels must be in the range [0.0, 1.0]
14
of
42
Power Law Transformations
Power law transformations have the following
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

form
s=c*rγ
Map a narrow range
of dark input values
into a wider range of
output values or vice
versa
Varying γ gives a whole
family of curves
15
of
42
Power Law Transformations (cont…)
Original Image Enhanced Image x
x

y Image f (x, y) y Image f (x, y)

s=rγ

We usually set c to 1
Grey levels must be in the range [0.0, 1.0]
16
of
42
Power Law Example
17
of
42
Power Law Example (cont…)

γ = 0.6
1
0.9
0.8
Transformed Intensities

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Old Intensities
18
of
42
Power Law Example (cont…)

γ = 0.4
1
0.9
Transformed Intensities

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Original Intensities
19
of
42
Power Law Example (cont…)

γ = 0.3
1
0.9
Transformed Intensities

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Original Intensities
20
of
42
Power Law Example (cont…)
The images to the
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

right show a
s = r 0.6
magnetic resonance
(MR) image of a
fractured human s=
r

s = r 0.4
0 .3

spine
Different curves
highlight different
detail
21
of
42
Power Law Example
22
of
42
Power Law Example (cont…)

γ = 5.0
1
0.9
Transformed Intensities

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Original Intensities
23
of
42
Power Law Transformations (cont…)
An aerial photo
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of a runway is
shown s = r 3.0

This time
power law
transforms are
s = r 4.0
s=
r 5 .0

used to darken
the image
Different curves
highlight
different detail
24
of
42
Gamma Correction
Many of you might be familiar with gamma
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

correction of computer monitors


Problem is that
display devices do
not respond linearly
to different
intensities
Can be corrected
using a log
transform
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
42
25
More Contrast Issues
26
of
Piecewise Linear Transformation
42 Functions
Rather than using a well defined mathematical
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

function we can use arbitrary user-defined


transforms
The images below show a contrast stretching
linear transform to add contrast to a poor
quality image
27
of
42
Gray Level Slicing
Highlights a specific range of grey levels
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

– Similar to thresholding
– Other levels can be
suppressed or maintained
– Useful for highlighting features
in an image
28
of
42
Bit Plane Slicing
Often by isolating particular bits of the pixel
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

values in an image we can highlight


interesting aspects of that image
– Higher-order bits usually contain most of the
significant visual information
– Lower-order bits contain
subtle details
29
of
42
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

[10000000] [01000000]

[00100000] [00001000]

[00000100] [00000001]
30
of
42
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

[10000000] [01000000]

[00100000] [00001000]

[00000100] [00000001]
31
of
42
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
42
32
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
42
33
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
42
34
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
42
35
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
42
36
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
42
37
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
42
38
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
42
39
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
42
40
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
41
of
42
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Reconstructed image
using only bit planes 8
and 7

Reconstructed image
using only bit planes 8, 7
and 6

Reconstructed image
using only bit planes 7, 6
and 5
42
of
42
Summary
We have looked at different kinds of point
processing image enhancement
Next time we will start to look at
neighbourhood operations – in particular
filtering and convolution

You might also like