DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
R. Anil Kumar
P. Ravi Kanth
Introduction (Analog Signals and Systems)
• The type of signals which are continuous • The circuit which process these
and have any value in a limited range are signals are called as Analog Circuit
known as Analog Signals. (Fig: 1) and the system build around
this kind of operation are known as
Analog Systems (Fig: 2)
Analog Circuit
Analog System
Analog Signal
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Introduction (Digital Signals and Systems)
• The signal which always exists • The circuit designed in calculator is
between any one of the two levels i.e. called Digital Circuit (Fig: 1) and the
either HIGH or LOW is called Digital calculator is an example for Digital
Signals. System (Fig: 2)
Fig: 1
Fig: 2
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Logic Gates
COMBINATIONAL GATES
Name Symbol Function Truth Table
A B X
A X=A•B 0 0 0
AND X or 0
1
1
0
0
0
B X = AB 1 1 1
A B X
A 0 0 0
OR X X=A+B 0 1 1
1 0 1
B 1 1 1
A X
I A X X = A’
0
1
1
0
A X
0 0
Buffer A X X=A 1 1
A B X
A 0 0 1
NAND X X = (AB)’
0
1
1
0
1
1
B 1 1 0
A B X
A 0 0 1
NOR X X = (A + B)’ 0
1
1
0
0
0
B 1 1 0
A B X
A X=AB
XOR X or
0
0
0
1
0
1
Exclusive OR 1 0 1
B X = A’B + AB’
1 1 0
A B X
A X = (A B)’
XNOR X or
0
0
0
1
1
0
Exclusive NOR
B X = A’B’+ AB 1 0 0
or Equivalence 1 1 1
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TRUTH TABLE (Task)
• Prove De-Morgan Property
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LOGIC CIRCUIT DESIGN
x y z F
0 0 0 0
Truth 0 0 1 1
Table 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
Boolean F = x + y’z
Function
x
F
Logic y
Diagram
z
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Converting between circuits and
equations
• Find the output of the following circuit
x x+y
y (x+y)y
y y
• Answer: (x+y)y’
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Converting between circuits and
equations
• Find the output of the following circuit (TASK)
x
y
• Solve and tell me the Answer
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Converting between circuits and
equations
• Draw the circuits for the following Boolean algebraic expressions
_______
(x+y)x
x x+y
x+y (x+y)x
y
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Converting between circuits and
equations
• Write the circuits for the following Boolean algebraic expressions
__
x+y
(TASK)
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BASIC IDENTITIES OF BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
[1] x + 0 = x [2] x • 0 = 0
[3] x + 1 = 1 [4] x • 1 = x
[5] x + x = x [6] x • x = x
[7] x + x’ = 1 [8] x • X’ = 0
[9] x + y = y + x [10] xy = yx
[11] x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z [12] x(yz) = (xy)z
[13] x(y + z) = xy +xz [14] x + yz = (x + y)(x + z)
[15] (x + y)’ = x’y’ [16] (xy)’ = x’ + y’
[17] (x’)’ = x
[15] and [16] : De Morgan’s Theorem
Usefulness of this Table
- Simplification of the Boolean function
- Derivation of equivalent Boolean functions to obtain logic diagrams using logic gates
-- Ordinarily ANDs, ORs, and Inverters
-- But a certain different form of Boolean function may be convenient to obtain circuits with NANDs or
NORs
→ Applications of De Morgans Theorem
x’y’ = (x + y)’ x’+ y’= (xy)’
AND → NOR OR → NAND
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TTL Logic Family
• Transistor-transistor logic
• Figure represents NAND gate.
• Circuit operation: LOW state,
current-sinking
• Circuit operation: HIGH state,
current-sourcing.
Multiple Emitter representation
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TTL Logic Family (NOR Gate)
+5V
R1 R3 R4
4k 1.6k 130
Q5
NO DATA
DC V
A Q1 Q3 D1
X
R2
4k Q6
B Q2 Q4 R5
1k
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MOS Digital ICs
• MOS: metal-oxide-semiconductor • P-MOS: P-channel MOS
• MOSFET: MOS field-effect transistors. • N-MOS: N-channel MOS, fastest
• The Good: • CMOS: complementary MOS, higher
• Simple speed, lower power dissipation.
• Inexpensive to fabricate • N-channel MOSFET (shown next
• Small slide) works when:
• Consumes little power
• The bad: • VGS=0V OFF State, Roff= 1010 ohms
• Static-electricity damage. • VGS=5V ON State,Ron=1000 ohms
• Slower than TTL
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NMOS Inverter
VDD
+5V Vin Q1 Q2 Vout
0V Ron= Roff= 5V
100K 1010K
Q1 NO DATA
DC V
5V Ron= Ron= 0.05
100K 1K V
VOUT
Q2
VIN
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CMOS
• Uses both P and N-channel
MOSFETs in the same circuit to
realize several advantages over
the P-MOS and N-MOS families.
• CMOS Inverter
• When Vin is LOW
• PMOS is ON and NMOS is OFF
• When Vin is HIGH
• PMOS is OFF and NMOS is ON
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CMOS NAND Gate
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CMOS NOR Gate
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Schottky TTL
NPN Transistor Schottky Transistor
• Transistor Storage Time
• Significant Propagation Delay
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Schottky Transistor
Schottky Clamped Transistor Schottky Transistor Symbol
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Logic Gates with Schottky Transistor
Schottky – Logic Inverter Schottky – NAND Gate with Output HIGH
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Current directions representing NAND with
Output High and Low using Schottky Transistor
Schottky – NAND Gate with Output HIGH Schottky – NAND Gate with Output LOW
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