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Lecture 12 Loops

The document discusses different types of loops in C++. It covers the while loop, using while loops for input validation, counters to control loop execution, and the do-while loop. Key points include how while loops check the loop condition before each iteration, how counters can increment each loop repetition, and that do-while loops always execute the loop body at least once before checking the condition.

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39 views32 pages

Lecture 12 Loops

The document discusses different types of loops in C++. It covers the while loop, using while loops for input validation, counters to control loop execution, and the do-while loop. Key points include how while loops check the loop condition before each iteration, how counters can increment each loop repetition, and that do-while loops always execute the loop body at least once before checking the condition.

Uploaded by

Usman Ali Usman Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture # 12

Introduction to
Loops
MUHAMMAD AHMAD
LECTURER
CS DEPARTMENT
Today we will cover 2

 The while loop


 The while Loop for Input Validation
 Counters
 The do-while loop
The while Loop
The while Loop 4

 Loop: a control structure that causes a statement or statements


to repeat
 General format of the while loop:
while (expression)
statement;
 statement; can also be a block of statements enclosed in { }
The while Loop – How It Works 5

while (expression)
statement;
 expression is evaluated
 if true, then statement is executed, and expression is evaluated
again
 if false, then the loop is finished and program statements following
statement execute
The Logic of a while Loop 6
The while loop-Example 7
How the while Loop in previous 8

slide Lines 9 through 13 Works


Flowchart of the while Loop 9
The while Loop is a Pretest Loop 10

expression is evaluated before the


loop executes. The following loop will
never execute:

int n = 6;
while (n <= 5)
{
cout << "Hello! ICP\n";
number++;
}
Watch Out for Infinite Loops 11

 The loop must contain code to make expression become false


 Otherwise, the loop will have no way of stopping
 Such a loop is called an infinite loop, because it will repeat an
infinite number of times
Example of an Infinite Loop 12

int n = 1;
while (n <= 5)
{
cout << "Hello ICP\n";
}
Using the while Loop for Input Validation
Using the while Loop for 14

Input Validation
 Input validation is the process of inspecting data that is given to
the program as input and determining whether it is valid.

 The while loop can be used to create input routines that reject
invalid data, and repeat until valid data is entered.
Using the while Loop for 15

Input Validation
 Here's the general approach, in pseudocode:

Read an item of input.


While the input is invalid
Display an error message.
Read the input again.
End While
Input Validation Example 16

cout << "Enter a number less than 10: ";


cin >> number;
while (number >= 10)
{
cout << "Invalid Entry!"
<< "Enter a number less than 10: ";
cin >> number;
}
17
18
Flowchart for Input Validation 19
Input Validation in Program 5-5 20
Counters
Counters 22

 Counter: a variable that is incremented or decremented each


time a loop repeats
 Can be used to control execution of the loop (also known as the
loop control variable)
 Must be initialized before entering loop
A Counter Variable Controls 23

Continued…
A Counter Variable Controls 24
The do-while Loop
The do-while Loop 26

 do-while: a posttest loop – execute the loop,


then test the expression
 General Format:
do
statement; // or block in { }
while (expression);

 Note that a semicolon is required after


(expression)
The Logic of a do-while Loop 27
An Example do-while Loop 28

int x = 1;
do
{
cout << x << endl;
} while(x < 0);

Although the test expression is false, this loop will


execute one time because do-while is a posttest
loop.
A do-while Loop 29

Continued…
A do-while Loop 30
do-while Loop Notes 31

 Loop always executes at least once


 Execution continues as long as expression is true, stops
repetition when expression becomes false
32

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