Chapter 1.

Electromagnetic
Theory
Sept. 1st, 2008
1.1 Introduction to Microwave Engineering
• Microwaves: 300 MHz ~ 300 GHz (1 mm ≤ λ ≤ 1 m)
• 1mm ≤ λ ≤ 10mm  Millimeter waves
• Because of the high frequency (short wavelength),
standard circuit theory generally cannot be used directly
to solve microwave network problems.
• Microwave components: distributed elements (the
phase of a voltage or current changes significantly over
the physical extent of the device)
• Optical engineering
• Quasioptical

2
Figure 1.1 (p. 2)
The electromagnetic spectrum.
3
Applications of Microwave Engineering
• Microwave engineering 이 필요한 이유
– Antenna gain 은 Antenna 의 electrical 크기에
비례 .
– 높은 주파수에서는 Bandwidth 가 더 커짐 .
– Microwave signal 은 Line of Sight 로 Travel.
– Effective reflection area (radar cross section) 는
Target 의 electrical 크기에 비례 .
– 분자 , 원자 및 핵공명이 Microwave
주파수에서 일어남 .

4
• Microwave 기술의 응용
– Communication systems
– Radar systems
– Remote sensing
– Medical systems

5
A Short History of Microwave Engineering
• Modern electromagnetic theory 의 수립역사
1. 1873 년 James Clerk Maxwell 이 이론적으로
EM wave 와 , 빛은 EM energy 의 형태임을
주장
2. 1885 – 1887, Oliver Heaviside 가 Maxwell
이론의 수학적 복잡성을 대부분 제거 , Vector
표기 제안 및 Guided wave 와 Transmission line
의 응용 제안
3. 1887-1891, Heinrich Hertz, 실험으로 증명

6
• Microwave 기술의 발전
1. 1940 년대 , 2 차대전에서 Radar 의 발명으로 큰
발전
2. MIT 에서 Radiation Lab 을 세움
– N. Marcuvitz, I.I.Rabi, J.S.Schwinger, H.A.Bethe,
E.M.Purcell, C.G.Montgomery, R.H.Dicke…..
– The classic 28-volume Radiation Laboratory Series of
books

7
Figure 1.2 (p. 4, see next slide for photograph)
Original aparatus used by Hertz for his electromagnetics experiments. (1) 50 MHz
transmitter spark gap and loaded dipole antenna. (2) Parallel wire grid for
polarization experiments. (3) Vacuum apparatus for cathode ray experiments.
(4) Hot-wire galvanometer. (5) Reiss or Knochenhauer spirals. (6) Rolled-paper
galvanometer. (7) metal sphere probe. (8) Reiss spark micrometer. (9) Coaxial
transmission line. (10-12) Equipment to demonstrate dielectric polarization effects.
(13) Mercury induction coil interrupter. (14) Meidinger cell. (15) Vacuum bell jar.
(16) High-voltage induction coil. (17) Bunsen cells. (18) Large-area conductor for
charge storage. (19) Circular loop receiving antenna. (20) Eight-sided receiver
detector. (21) Rotating mirror and mercury interrupter. (22) Square loop receiving
antenna. (23) Equipment for refraction and dielectric constant measurement.
(24) Two square loop receiving antennas. (25) Square loop receiving antenna. (26)
Transmitter dipole. (27) High-voltage induction coil. (28) Coaxial line.
(29) High-voltage discharger. (30) Cylindrical parabolic reflector/receiver.
(31) Cylindrical parabolic reflector/transmitter. (32) Circular loop receiving antenna.
(33) Planar reflector. (34, 35) Battery of accumulators. Photographed on October 1,
1913 at the Bavarian Academy of Science, Munich, Germany, with Hertz’s assistant,
Julius Amman.
Photograph and identification courtesy of J. H. Bryant, University of Michigan.

8
Figure 1.2 (p. 4)
9
1.2 Maxwell’s Equations
• Maxwell’s work was based on a large body of empirical
and theoretical knowledge developed by Gauss,
Ampere, Faraday, and others.
• The general form of time-varying Maxwell’s equations
in differential form.
B
 E   M
t
D What are the sources of
 H  J
t electromagnetic fields?
D  
B  0
10
Faraday’s law
• Spatially varying field
• Moving loop in uniform B-field
• Electric generator

11
Corrected Ampere’s circuital law
• James Clerk Maxwell conceived of displacement
current as a polarization current which he used to model
the magnetic field hydrodynamically and mechanically.
He added this displacement current to Ampère's
circuital law in his 1861 paper.

12
Gauss’s law
• Gauss's Law is that the [net] electric flux through any
closed surface is equal to the charge inside that surface
divided by this constant ε.

13
• In free space,
B  0 H
D  0E

• Since 
   E  0   (  B )    M B  0
t
• The continuity eq. can be derived by taking the Div of
(1.1b)

 J  0
t
 Charge is conserved, or current is continuous since
  J is the outflow of current at a point.

14
Integral form
 S
D  ds    dv  Q
V

 S
B  ds  0


 S E  dl   t S B  ds  S M  ds
 
 S H dl  t S D  ds  S J  ds  t S D  ds  I
A sinusoidal E-field in the x direction of the form
ˆ ( x, y, z ) cos(t   )
E ( x, y, z , t )  xA

At t = 0 ˆ ( x, y , z )e j
E ( x, y, z )  xA
15
Figure 1.3 (p. 7)
The closed contour C and surface S associated with Faraday’s law.
16
E ( x, y, z , t )  Re[ E ( x, y, z )e jt ]

Power and energy

ˆ 1 ( x, y, z ) cos(t  1 )
E  xE
ˆ 2 ( x, y, z ) cos(t  2 )  zE
 yE ˆ 3 ( x, y, z ) cos(t  3 )

In phasor form
j1 j2 j3
E  xE1e  yE2e  zE3e
ˆ ˆ ˆ
21 T
E   E  Edt
T 0
1 T 2
  [ E1 cos 2 (t  1 )  E22 cos 2 (t  2 )  E32 cos 2 (t  3 )dt
T 0
1 2 1 2 1
 ( E1  E2  E3 )  E  E  E 
2 2

2 2 2 17
• Assuming an ejωt time dependence,
  E   j B  M
  H  j D  J
D  
B  0

18
Figure 1.4a/b (p. 9)
Arbitrary volume, surface, and line currents.
(a) Arbitrary electric and magnetic volume current densities. (b) Arbitrary
electric and magnetic surface current densities in the z = z0 plane.
19
Figure 1.4c/d (p. 9)
Arbitrary volume, surface, and line currents.
(c) Arbitrary electric and magnetic line currents. (d) Infinitesimal electric
and magnetic dipoles parallel to the x-axis.
20
1.3 Fields in Media and Boundary Conditions
• For a dielectric material, an applied E  electric dipole
moment  increase D
D   0 E  Pe
  0 E   0 e E
  0 (1   e ) E
E
where      j    0 (1   e )
• The ε″ accounts for loss in the medium (heat) due to
damping of the vibrating dipole moment.
• The loss of a dielectric material may also be considered
as an equivalent conductor loss.
21
• J = σE  Ohm’s law from an EM field point of view
  H  j D  J
 j E   E
 j E  (    ) E
 
 
 j    j  j  E
 
• Loss tangent    
tan  
 
     j    (1  j tan  )   0 r (1  j tan  )

22
• Isotropic material: Pe in the same direction as E.
• Some materials are anisotropic (still linear): crystal
structure and ionized gases

 Dx   xx  xy  xz   E x   Ex 
 D     yy
 
 yz   E y       E y 
 y   yx
 Dz   zx  zy  zz   E z   E z 

• For isotropic material: diagonal ε matrix.

23
For magnetic materials
• Magnetic polarization Pm,
B  0 ( H  Pm )
 0 ( H   m H )
 H

where      j    0 (1   m )
Imaginary part of χm or μ: loss due to damping force
• No magnetic conductivity  no real magnetic current
• Magnetic materials may be anisotropic

24
If linear media are assumed (ε, μ not depending on E or H)
  E   j H  M
  H  j E  J
D   어떻게 하면
B  0 풀수
있을까요 ?
D E
B  H
Boundary
condition

ε, μ may be complex and may be tensors  possible

phase shift between D and E, or B and H.
25
Fields at a General Material Interface

26
Figure 1.5 (p. 12)
Fields, currents, and surface charge at a general interface between two
media. 27
Figure 1.6 (p. 12)
Closed surface S for equation (1.29).
28
 S
D  ds    dv
V

As h  0 SD2 n  SD1n  S  s
D2 n  D1n   s
nˆ  ( D2  D1 )   s

Similarly
nˆ  B2  nˆ  B1

29
Figure 1.7 (p. 13)
Closed contour C for Equation (1.33).
30
 S
E  dl   j  B  ds   M  ds
V S

If a magnetic surface current density MS exists on the surface,

M  M S  (h)
lEt1  lEt 2  lM S
Et1  Et 2   M S
( E2  E1 )  nˆ   M S
Similarly nˆ  ( H 2  H1 )   J S

31
Fields at a Dielectric Interface
nˆ  D1  nˆ  D2
nˆ  B1  nˆ  B2
nˆ  E1  nˆ  E2
nˆ  H1  nˆ  H 2
Fields at the Interface with a Perfect Conductor
(Electric Wall) (MS = 0 assumed)

nˆ  D   S
nˆ  B  0
nˆ  E1  0
nˆ  H1  J S
32
The Magnetic Wall Boundary Condition (JS = 0 assumed)
nˆ  D  0
nˆ  B  0
nˆ  E1   M S
nˆ  H1  0

33
• HW1
1. Divergence Theorem 을 증명하고 물리적 의미를
설명하시오 .
2. Stokes’ Theorem 을 증명하고 물리적 의미를
설명하시오 .
3. Ampere 의 법칙과 Gauss 의 법칙에 대하여
설명하시오 .

34
1.4 The Wave Equation and Basic Plane Wave Solutions
The Helmholtz Equation
• In a source-free, linear, isotropic, homogeneous region,
  E   j H
  H  j E

Wave
    E   j  H   2  E
equation or
(  E )   2 E   2  E (  E  0) Helmholtz
 2 E   2  E  0 equation

Similarly  2 H   2  H  0

k    Wavenumber or
propagation constant 35
Plane waves in a lossless medium
• ε and μ: real  k: real
• Consider only x component and uniform (no variation)
in the x and y direction (  / x   / y  0 )
 2 Ex
 k 2
Ex  0 Ex ( z )  ?
z 2

• In the time domain, Ex ( z, t )  E  cos(....

• Phase velocity
dz d  t  const.   1
vp     
dt dt  k  k 
• In free-space, vp = c = 2.998x108 m/s

36
• The wavelength, λ is defined as the distance between 2
successive maxima on the wave, at a fixed instant of
time.
[t  kz ]  [t  k ( z   )]  2
2 2 v p v p
  
k  f

• Magnetic field, (1.41a) 

1   jkz
H y  [ E e  E  e  jkz ]


   / k   /   The wave impedance for the plane

(the ratio of the E and H fields)
Ex 1.1
37
Plane waves in a general lossy medium
  E   j H
  H  j E   E

  
 E    1  j
2 2
E  0
  
Define a complex propagation constant


    j   j  1  j

 2 Ex
  2
Ex  0 Solution?
z 2

38
  j   jk  j  (1  j tan  ) ( =0)
Associated magnetic field
j Ex  j   z
Hy   [ E e  E  e z ]
 z 
j


1   z

H y  E e  E  e z



39
Plane waves in a good conductor
• Conductor current >> displacement current (σ >> ωε)
 
    j   j   (1  j )
j 2
• The skin depth, or characteristic depth of penetration
1 2
S  
 

• Ex 1.2
• The most of the current flow in a good conductor
occurs in an extremely thin region near the surface of
the conductor.
40
• The wave impedance inside a good conductor
j  1
 (1  j )  (1  j )
 2  S

1.5 General plane wave solutions

 2
E  2
E  2
E
 E  k0 E  2  2  2  k02 E  0
2 2

x y z

 2 Ei  2 Ei  2 Ei i  x, y, or z
   k 0 Ei  0
2

x 2
y 2
z 2

E x ( x, y , z )  f ( x ) g ( y ) h( z )

41
 f  g  h
   k02  0
f g h
f  2 g  2 h
 k x ;   k y ;   k z2
f g h
d2 f d 2
g d 2
h
2
 k 2
x f  0; 2
 k 2
y g  0; 2
 k zh  0
2

dx dy dz

k x2  k y2  k z2  k02
 jk ( k x x  k y y  k z z )
Ex ( x, y, z )  Ae

Define a wavenumber vector k

k  k x xˆ  k y yˆ  k z zˆ  k0 nˆ

n̂ a unit vector in the direction of propagation 42

• Also define a position vector,
r  xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ
Ex ( x, y, z )  Ae  jk r
E y ( x, y, z )  Be  jk r
Ez ( x, y, z )  Ce  jk r    fA   A f  f   A
• If E0  Axˆ  Byˆ  Czˆ
E  E0 e  jk r
  E    ( E0e  jk r )  E0 e  jk r  e  jk r   E0
 E0 e  jk r   jk  E0e  jk r  0
k E  0
43
k  E0 kx A  k y B  kzC  0

If kx  k y  kz A BC  0
2 of 3 components can be chosen independently.

Magnetic field can be found from Maxwell’s eq.

  E   j0 H
j j
H  E    ( E0e  jk r )
0 0
j  jk r j
 E0  e  E0  ( jk )  jk r
0  0
k0  jk r 1  jk r 1
 nˆ  E0  nˆ  E0  nˆ  E
0 0 0
44
Figure 1.8 (p. 22)
Orientation of the , H , and k  k0 n vectors for a general plane wave.
45
• The time-domain expression for the E-field can be
found as
E ( x, y, z , t )  Re{E ( x, y, z )e jt
 Re{E0 e  jk r e jt }
 E0 cos(k  r  t )

• Ex 1.3

46
Circularly Polarized Plane Waves
• Plane waves having E-field vector pointing in a fixed
direction are called linearly polarized waves.
• Consider the superposition of an x linearly polarized
with amplitude E1 and a y linearly polarized with E2.
E  ( E1 xˆ  E2 yˆ )e  jk0 z
- If E1 ≠ 0, E2 = 0  linearly polarized in x direction
- If E1 = 0, E2 ≠ 0  linearly polarized in y direction
- If E1 ≠ 0, E2 ≠ 0 (both real), linearly polarized at the
angle 1 E2
  tan
E1

47
• If E1 = E2 = E0,
E  E0 ( xˆ  yˆ )e  jk0 z
• If E1 = jE2 = E0,
E  E0 ( xˆ  jyˆ )e  jk0 z
E ( z , t )  E0 {xˆ cos(t  k0 z )  yˆ cos(t  k0 z   / 2)}
 The E-field vector changes with time or equivalently
with distance along the z-axis.
• Pick a position (z = 0)
1  sin t 
  tan    t
 cos t 
 RHCP
48
• Similarly,
E  E0 ( xˆ  jyˆ )e  jk0 z
 LHCP

49
Figure 1.9 (p. 24)
Electric field polarization for (a) RHCP and (b) LHCP plane waves.
50
1.6 Energy and Power
• In the sinusoidal steady-state case, the time-average
stored energy in a volume V is given by, (ε: real)
1 
Re  E  D dv 
4
 
We  E  E dv
4 V V

• Similarly,

Wm 
4 V
H  H dv

• From the Maxwell’s eq.

H   (  E )   j | H |2  H   M S
E  (  H  )  E  J   j  | E |2
 E  J    | E |2  j  | E |2 51
   ( E  H  )  H   (  E )  E  (  H  )
  | E |2  j (  | E |2   | H |2 )
( E  J   H   M S )
H   (  E )   j | H |2  H   M S
E  (  H  )  E  J   j  | E |2
 E  J    | E |2  j  | E |2


V
  ( E  H  )dv   E  H   ds
S

   | E |2 dv  j  (  | E |2   | H |2 )dv
V V

  ( E  J   H   M S )dv
V

     j ,      j   52
 1 1 
  ( E  J  H  M S )dv   E  H  ds   | E |2 dv
  

2 V 2 S 2 V
 
  (  | E |    | H | ) dv  j  (   | H |2   | E |2 ) dv
2 2

2 V 2 V
Poynting’s theorem

PS  Po  Pl  2 j (Wm  We ) Poynting vector

where 1
PS    ( E  J   H   M S )dv
2 V
1 1
Po   E  H  ds   S  ds


2 S 2 S
 
Pl   | E | dv   (  | E |2    | H |2 )dv
2

2 V 2 V 53
Figure 1.10 (p. 25)
A volume V, enclosed by the closed surface S, containing fields E H, and
current sources J s  M s  54
Power absorbed by a Good conductor
• To calculate attenuation and loss due to an imperfect
conductor, take the interface between a lossless medium
and a good conductor.
• A field is incident from z < 0, and the field penetrates
into the conducting region z > 0.
• The real average power entering the conductor volume:
(E & H: fields at the interface)
1
Pav  Re  E  H   nds
ˆ
2 S0  S

• The contribution to the integral from S can be made 0

by proper selection of this surface.
55
Figure 1.11 (p. 26)
An interface between a lossless medium and a good conductor with a
closed surface S0 + S for computing the power dissipated in the conductor. 56
 1
Pav  Re  E  H   zds ˆ
2 S0

zˆ  ( E  H  )  ( zˆ  E )  H    H  H 
RS
Pav 
2  S0
| H |2 ds

    1
where Re( )  Re (1  j )  
 2  2  S

RS: the surface resistivity of the conductor

57
1.7 Plane Wave Reflection from a Media Interface

Figure 1.12 (p. 27)

Plane wave reflection from a lossy medium; normal incidence.
58
General Medium
• For z < 0,
 jk0 z 1
Ei  xE
ˆ 0e , H i  yˆ E0 e  jk0 z
0

Er  xˆE0 e  jk0 z , H i   yˆ E0e  jk0 z
0
• In z > 0, T: Transmission coeff.
 z T
Et  xTE
ˆ 0e , H i  yˆ E0e  z
0
j


    j   j  1  j / 
59
• Since Et must be continuous at z = 0,
1  T
1   T , 
0 
  0 2
 , T  1  
  0   0

60
Lossless Medium
• If the region z > 0 is a lossless dielectric, σ = 0, μ & ε
are real. η, Γ, T: real
  j   j   jk0  r  r
where k0  0 0 0
2 2 0
  
   r  r
 1 c
vp   
  r  r
j  r
   0
  r
61
• For power conservation, in z < 0
S   E  H   ( Ei  Er )  ( H i  H r )
1  jk0 z
 zˆ | E0 |
2
(e  e jk0 z )(e  jk0 z  e jk0 z )
0
1
 zˆ | E0 |
2
(1 |  |2 e 2 jk0 z  e 2 jk0 z )
0
1
 zˆ | E0 |
2
(1 |  |2 2 j sin 2k0 z )
0
• For z > 0,  | E |2
| T | 2

S  Et  H t  zˆ 0

4 2 1
 zˆ | E0 |2
 zˆ | E0 | (1 |  | 2
)
(  0 ) 2
0 62
• At z = 0, S- = S+, complex power flow is conserved
across the interface.
• For z < 0, the time-average power flow through a 1-m2
cross section,
1  1 2 1
P  Re( S  zˆ )  | E0 | (1 |  |2 )
2 2 0
• Fore z > 0,
1  1 2 1
P  Re( S  zˆ )  | E0 | (1 |  |2 )  P 
2 2 0
 | E0 |2
Si  Ei  H i  zˆ
0
Si  S r  S 
 | E0 |2 | T |2
S r  Er  H r   zˆ
0 63
Good Conductor
• If the region z > 0 is a good conductor,
 1
    j  (1  j )  (1  j )
2 s
 1
  (1  j )  (1  j )
2  s
 E and H will be 45o out of phase.
• z < 0,  2 1
S ( z  0)  zˆ | E0 | (1 |  |2    )
0

64
 2 2
• z > 0, | E | | T |
S   Et  H t  zˆ 0  e 2 z

4 2 z
 zˆ | E0 |2
e
(  0 ) 2
1
 zˆ | E0 | 2
(1 |  |2    )e 2 z
0

• So, at the interface at z = 0, S- = S+, and complex power

is conserved.
• Observe  | E |2
Si  Ei  H i  zˆ 0
0
2 2
 | E | | T |
S r  Er  H r   zˆ 0
0
65
• The time-average power flows are
1  1 2 1
P  Re( S  zˆ )  | E0 | (1 |  |2 )
2 2 0
1 1 2 1
 
P  Re( S  zˆ )  | E0 | (1 |  |2 )e 2 z
2 2 0
 power balance at z = 0.
• In addition, | E0 |2  | E0 |2 |  |2
Pi  , Pr 
20 20
Pi  Pr  P 

66
• The electric volume current density flowing in the
conducting region is given as:
J t   Et  xˆ E0Te  z A / m 2
• The average power dissipated in a 1 m2 cross-sectional
volume of the conductor
1
P   Et  J tdv
t

2 V
1 1 1 
    ( xE ˆ 0Te  z )  ( xˆ E0Te  z ) dzdydx
2 x 0 y 0 z  0
2 2
1   E0 T

2 2 2 z
  E0 T e dz 
2 z 0 4

67
Perfect Conductor
• Assume z > 0 contains a perfect conductor.
  ;   ;  0;  s  0; T  0;   1
• The fields for z > 0 decay infinitely fast, and are
identically 0 in the perfect conductor.
• The perfect conductor can be thought of as “shorting
out” the incident E-field.
• For z < 0,
ˆ 0 (e  jk0 z  e jk0 z )   xˆ 2 jE0 sin k0 z
E  Ei  Er  xE
1  jk0 z 2
H  H i  H r  yˆ E0 (e  e )  yˆ E0 cos k0 z
jk0 z

0 0

68
• At z = 0, 2
E  0, H  yˆ E0
0
• The Poynting vector for z < 0 is
  4
S  E  H  zj
ˆ | E0 |2 sin k0 z cos k0 z
0
Zero real part: no real power is delivered to the perfect
conductor.
• The volume current density
 2  2
J s  nˆ  H   zˆ   yˆ E0 cos k0 z   xˆ E0
 0  z 0 0

69
The Surface Impedance Concept
• Particularly where the effect of attenuation or
conductor loss is needed, the presence of an imperfect
conductor must be taken into account.
• Consider a good conductor in z > 0.
• 3 ways to compute the power.
1. Joule’s law (η << η0)
2 2 2 2
 E0 T  s E0  2 2 Rs
P 
t
   2
4   0
2
 s 0  0
2

 1 j  1 
where Rs  Re( )  Re   
  s   s 2
70
2. Poynting vector
2 2
1  2 E0 Re( ) 2 E0 Rs
P  Re( S  zˆ )  
2 z  0
  0
2
 2
0

3. Effective surface current density and the surface

impedance
J t   Et  xˆ E0Te  z A / m 2
so the total current flow per unit width in the x
direction
  xˆ TE0
J s   J t dz  xˆ TE0  e dz 
 z
A / m2
0 0 

71
• For large σ,
T  s 2  s 2(1  j ) 2
  
 (1  j ) (  0 ) (1  j )  s0 0
1 2 E0
J s  nˆ  H   zˆ  ( H i  H r ) z 0  xE
ˆ 0 (1  )  xˆ
z 0
0 0
• Now replace the exponentially decaying volume current
with a uniform volume current extending a distance of
one skin depth. Let
 J s /  s for 0  z   s
Jt  
 0 for z   s

72
• Find the power lost:
2 2
1 s Js Rs 2 2 E0 Rs
P   dzds   J s ds 
t

2 S z 0  2
s 2 S 02

• Power loss can be accurately and simply calculated as

Rs 2 Rs 2
P   ds  
t
Js H t ds
2 S 2 S

• Ex 1.4

73
Figure 1.13 (p. 35)
Geometry for a plane wave obliquely incident at the interface between two
dielectric regions. 74
Figure 1.14 (p. 38)
Reflection coefficient magnitude for parallel and perpendicular
polarizations of a plane wave obliquely incident on a dielectric half-space. 75
1.9 Some Useful Theorems
• The Reciprocity Theorem

76
Figure 1.15 (p. 40)
Geometry for the Lorentz reciprocity theorem.
77
Image Theory
• In many problems, a current source is located in the
vicinity of a conducting ground plane.
• Image theory permits the removal of the ground plane
by placing a virtual image source on the other side of
the ground plane.
• Consider the surface current density J S  J s 0 xˆ

• A standing wave field in 0 < z < d

• Positively traveling wave for z > d

78
Figure 1.16 (p. 42)
Illustration of image theory as applied to an electric current source next to
a ground plane. (a) An electric surface current density parallel to a ground
plane. (b) The ground plane of (a) replaced with image current at z = –d. 79
For 0 < z < d, Exs  A(e jk0 z  e  jk0 z )
 A jk0 z
H  s
y (e  e  jk0 z )
0
For z > d, Ex  Be  jk0 z
B  jk0 z

H  ey
0

Boundary Condition  Ex = 0 at z = 0
Since MS = 0, Exs  Ex 2 jA sin k0 d  Be  jk0 d
z d z d

We have
 B  jk0 d 2 A
J S  zˆ  yˆ ( H  H ) s
J s0  e  cos k0 d
y y z d 0 0
80
  J s 00  jk0 d
A e , B   jJ s 00 sin k0 d
2
Total fields are Exs   jJ s 00 e  jk0 d sin k0 z
H ys  J s 0 e  jk0 d cos k0 z
Ex   jJ s 00 sin k0 de  jk0 z
H y   jJ s 0 sin k0 de  jk0 z

Now apply the image theory to this problem.

By superposition, the total fields for z > 0 can be found by
combining the fields from the 2 sources individually.

81
• Fields due to source at z = d,
  J s 00  jk0 ( z d )
 e for z  d

Ex   2
  J s 00 e jk0 ( z  d ) for z  d

 2
  J s 0  jk0 ( z  d )
 e for z  d
 2
Hx  
 J s 0 e jk0 ( z  d ) for z  d

 2

82
• Fields due to source at z = -d,
 J s 00  jk0 ( z  d )
 e for z   d

Ex   2
 J s 00 e jk0 ( z  d ) for z   d

 2
 J s 0  jk0 ( z  d )
 e for z   d
 2
Hx  
  J s 0 e jk0 ( z  d ) for z   d

 2

83
Figure 1.17 (p. 44)
Electric and magnetic current
images. (a) An electric current
parallel to a ground plane.
(b) An electric current normal
to a ground plane. (c) A
magnetic current parallel to a
ground plane. (d) A magnetic
current normal to a ground
plane.

84