Management & Org
Dynamics
EMOTIONS AND
MOOD
Shahid 4
INTRODUCTION
Affect is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings
people experience, including both emotions and moods
Emotions are intense feelings directed at someone or
something
Moods are less intense feelings than emotions and often
(though not always) arise without a specific event acting as a
stimulus
Most experts believe emotions are more fleeting than moods
If someone is rude to you, you’ll feel angry
That intense feeling probably comes and goes fairly quickly
When you’re in a bad mood, you can feel bad for several hours
INTRODUCTION
BASIC EMOTIONS
There are dozens, including anger, contempt, enthusiasm,
envy, fear, frustration, disappointment, embarrassment,
disgust, happiness, hate, hope, jealousy, joy, love, pride,
surprise, and sadness
Numerous researchers have tried to limit them to a
fundamental set
But some argue that it makes no sense to think in terms of
“basic” emotions because even emotions we rarely
experience, such as shock, can have a powerful effect on us.
BASIC EMOTIONS
It’s unlikely psychologists or philosophers will ever completely
agree on a set of basic emotions, or even on whether there is
such a thing
Still, many researchers agree on six essentially universal
emotions
Anger, Fear, Sadness, Happiness, Disgust, and Surprise
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Some even plot them along a continuum
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HAPPINESS—SURPRISE—FEAR—SADNESS—ANGER—DISGUST
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BASIC MOODS - +VE & -VE EFFECTS
One way to classify emotions is by whether they are positive
or negative
Positive emotions—such as joy and gratitude—express a
favorable evaluation or feeling
Negative emotions—such as anger or guilt—express the
opposite
Emotions can’t be neutral. Being neutral is being non-
emotional
BASIC MOODS - +VE & -VE EFFECTS
Surprise ??
BASIC MOODS - +VE & -VE EFFECTS
Positive Affect - A mood dimension that consists of specific
positive emotions such as excitement, self-assurance, and
cheerfulness at the high end and boredom, sluggishness, and
tiredness at the low end
Negative Affect - A mood dimension that consists of emotions
such as nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end and
relaxation, tranquility, and poise at the low end
Positivity Offset - The tendency of most individuals to
experience a mildly positive mood at zero input (when nothing
in particular is going on)
Negative emotions are likely to translate into negative moods.
People think about events that created strong negative
emotions five times as long as they do about events that
created strong positive ones
So, we should expect people to recall negative experiences
more readily than positive ones
FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS
Do Emotions Make Us Irrational?
Are rationality and emotion in conflict, and that if you exhibit
emotion you are likely to act irrationally?
One team of authors argues that displaying emotions such as
sadness to the point of crying is so toxic to a career that we
should leave the room rather than allow others to witness it.
Emotions can make us seem weak, brittle, or irrational
However, research is increasingly showing that emotions are
actually critical to rational thinking
Would we really want a manager to make a decision about
firing an employee without regarding either his or the
employee’s emotions?
The key to good decision making is to employ both thinking
and feeling in our decisions
FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS
Do Emotions Make Us Ethical?
It was believed that, like decision making in general, most
ethical decision making was based on higher-order cognitive
processes, but research on moral emotions increasingly
questions this perspective
Moral emotions include sympathy for the suffering of others,
guilt about our own immoral behavior, anger about injustice
done to others, contempt for those who behave unethically,
and disgust at violations of moral norms
Numerous studies suggest that these reactions are largely
based on feelings rather than cold cognition
People who are behaving ethically are at least partially
making decisions based on their emotions and feelings, and
this emotional reaction will often be a good thing
SOURCES OF EMOTIONS AND MOODS
Personality
Moods and emotions have a trait component: most people
have built-in tendencies to experience certain moods and
emotions more frequently than others do
People also experience the same emotions with different
intensities
Contrast Texas Tech basketball coach Bobby Knight to
Microsoft CEO Bill Gates. The first is easily moved to anger,
while the other is relatively distant and unemotional.
Knight and Gates probably differ in affect intensity, or how
strongly they experience their emotions
Affectively Intense people experience both positive and
negative emotions more deeply: when they’re sad, they’re
really sad, and when they’re happy, they’re really happy
SOURCES OF EMOTIONS AND MOODS
Day of The Week
SOURCES OF EMOTIONS AND MOODS
Employment Status
SOURCES OF EMOTIONS AND MOODS
Personality
Day of the week
Employment Status
Weather
Stress
Social Activities
Sleep
Exercise
Age
Gender
SOURCES OF EMOTIONS AND MOODS
Emotional Labour
The concept of emotional labor emerged from studies of
service jobs.
Airlines expect their flight attendants to be cheerful
We expect funeral directors to be sad and
Doctors emotionally neutral
Relevant to almost every job
At the least your managers expect you to be courteous, not
hostile, in your interactions with co-workers
The true challenge arises when employees have to project one
emotion while feeling another – Emotional dissonance
Felt emotions vs displayed emotions
SOURCES OF EMOTIONS AND MOODS
Surface Acting
Hiding one’s inner feelings and forgoing emotional
expressions in response to display rules
A worker who smiles at a customer even when he doesn’t feel
like it is surface acting
Deep Acting
Trying to modify one’s true inner feelings based on display
rules
A health care provider trying to genuinely feel more empathy
for her patients is deep acting
AFFECTIVE EVENTS THEORY
AET - A model that suggests that workplace
events cause emotional reactions on the
part of employees, which then influence
workplace attitudes and behaviors
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Emotional intelligence (EI) is a person’s ability to:
(1)perceive emotions in the self and others
(2)understand the meaning of these
emotions, and
(3)regulate one’s emotions accordingly
ORG DYNAMICS & EMOTIONS/MOODS
Selection Process
One implication from the evidence on EI to date is that
employers should consider it a factor in hiring employees,
especially in jobs that demand a high degree of social
interaction
More employers are starting to use EI measures to hire
people.
A study of USAF recruiters showed that top-performing
recruiters exhibited high levels of EI
USAF revamped its selection criteria
A follow-up investigation found future hires who had high EI
scores were 2.6 times more successful than those who didn’t
At L’Oreal, salespersons selected on EI scores outsold those
hired using the company’s old selection procedure
ORG DYNAMICS & EMOTIONS/MOODS
Decision Making
Traditional approaches to the study of decision making in
organizations have emphasized rationality
Researchers are finding that moods and emotions have
important effects on decision making.
People in good moods or experiencing positive emotions are
more likely to make good decisions quickly
Positive emotions also enhance problem-solving skills
Depressed people reach more accurate judgments, but make
poorer decisions. Why? Because depressed people are slower
at processing information and tend to weigh all possible
options rather than the most likely ones
They search for the perfect solution, when there rarely is one
ORG DYNAMICS & EMOTIONS/MOODS
Creativity
People in good moods tend to be more creative than people in
bad moods
Produce more ideas and more options, and others think their
ideas are original
People experiencing positive moods or emotions are more
flexible and open in their thinking
Motivation
A cycle can exist in which positive moods cause people to be
more creative, which leads to positive feedback from those
observing their work, which reinforces the positive mood,
which may make people perform even better, and so on.
ORG DYNAMICS & EMOTIONS/MOODS
Selection process
Decision Making
Creativity
Motivation
Leadership
Negotiation
Customer Services
Job Attitude
Deviant workplace behavior
Safety and injury at work
HOW MANAGERS CAN INFLUENCE
MOODS
Increasingly, organizations are selecting employees they
believe have high levels of EI
EI theories provides tools for assessing ability-based EI.
Emotions and positive moods appear to facilitate effective
decision making and creativity
Mood is linked to motivation, especially through feedback.
Leaders rely on emotions to increase their effectiveness.
The display of emotions is important to social behavior like
negotiation and customer service.
Emotions is closely linked to job attitudes and behaviors that
follow from attitudes, such as deviant workplace behavior
CAN MANAGERS CONTROL EMPLOYEES?
Can managers control colleagues’ and employees’ emotions
and moods?
Certainly there are limits, practical and ethical
Emotions and moods are a natural part of an individual’s
makeup
Where managers err is in ignoring co-workers’ and employees’
emotions and assessing others’ behavior as if it were
completely rational
Managers who understand the role of emotions and moods
will significantly improve their ability to explain and predict
their co-workers’ and employees’ behavior
THANK YOU
