Chapter 9

Maxwell’s Equations

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 1

 Objectives
i. Electromotive force – based on
Faraday’s experiment.
ii. Displacement current – as a result Michael
of Maxwell’s hypothesis Faraday
iii. transition from static to dynamic
cases.
(1791 -
1867)

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 2

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 3
 9.1 Introduction
Static - time invariant

  D    D  dS    d
S
(1)

B 0  B  dS  0
S
(2)
E 0
 E  d  0 (3)
H  J S

 H  d    J  dS
S
(4)

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 4

 Dynamic - time varying

We focus to equations 3 and 4

E  x, y , z   H  x, y, z 

Due to accelerated charges, or

time-varying currents

5
Any pulsating current  time-varying fields or
 Radiation

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 5

9.2 Faraday’s law

Magnetostatic  did not produce induction

voltage/current
Dynamic magnetic field  produce induction voltage, known
as (Electromotive force, emf)
d d
Vemf   N Unit Volts
dt dt

ve shows that the induced voltage acts in such

away to oppose the flux producing it. This is
known as Lenz’s law

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 6

 Consider a
circuit I
P
Electrochemical action  Ef

Ef +
Ee R Electrostatic field

on the plate  Ee

N I

E e  d   0 , Ee conservative

E f  d   0 , E f non - conservative

For the whole circuit E  E f  Ee

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 7

 0
 E  d   E f  d    Ee  d 

In the P P
Vemf   E f  d     Ee  d   IR
Battery N N

 E f   Ee

Same magnitude but in opposite direction

Vemf   E  d 
L

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 8

 9.3 Transfomer and Motional emf

d d
Vemf     B  dS
dt dt S
Vemf   E  d 
L

d
L E  d    dt S B  dS

Note that emf can be produced

1. By having a stationary loop in a time-varying B field
2. By having a time-varying loop area in static B field
3. By having a time-varying loop in a time-varying B field
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 9
i) Stationary Loop in Time-Varying B field (Transformer
emf) Transformer action
B( t )

induced
B

d r
d
thus Vemf   E  d     B  dS
L
dt S
B
Vemf   E  d     dS
L S
t
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 10
 B
Vemf   E  d     dS
L S
t

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 11

 B
Vemf   E  d     dS
t
L S
Stokes’s Theorem

 E  d       E   dS
S

B
 E  dl   S t  dS
B
    E   dS  
S
t
B
E  
t

The third Maxwell’s equation

Observe that in this case

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations
E  0 12
 Example y
dS B

B B y=b

x=a
x B ( t )  Bo cos tâ z
i. emf = ?
ii. Plot emf versus time, t
iii. compare emf plot with the variation of flux
 m   B  dS , dS  dxdyâ z
S
a b
m   B
x 0 y 0
o cos( t )â z  ( dxdy)â z

 m  Bo ( ab ) cos t
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 13
 d m d
emf      B  dS
dt dt
d
   ( ab )Bo cos t 
dt

 Bo ( ab ) sin t

emf m

/ 
t t
 2 2

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 14

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 15
 Example
y B u
B
I
Fm I
R u 
B
x

Fm  I  B

 Fm  IB

Vemf  uB
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 16
 iii) Moving Loop in Time-varying Field B(t)
- In this case, emf is a combination of transformer
effect and emf from motional effect
- Thus
B
Vemf   E  d      dS    u  B   d 
S t

B
E      u  B 
t

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 17

 James Clerk Maxwell Born:
13 June 1831 in

9.4 Displacement Current Edinburgh, Scotland Died:

5 Nov 1879 in Cambridge,
Cambridgeshire, England

H  J (i)

     H     J
    H   0 identity

 J 0

 from the continuity

but J   , (0)
t of current equation

Equation (i) is incompatible for time-varying

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 18

 Maxwell’s Hypotesis

  H  J  Jd ,

Jd – is called displacement current

D (ii)
where, Jd 
t

D The fourth Maxwell’s

 H  J 
t equation

Jd  0 for  
Jd  ~ J for  
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 19
 Prove - the Hypothesis

  H  J  Jd

    H     J    Jd

0    J    Jd
   J d    J
   D    v
  Jd 
t As expected by (ii)

  Jd    D 
t
D D
   Jd     Jd 
t t
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 20
 Example
A = 5 cm2
=2
o
d = 3mm

~
V = 50 Sin 103 t volts Calculate , Id = ?
Solution
D  E  V / d capacitor

D   dV  Id  Jd  S
Jd    
t d  dt 

   dV  2 o
    S  
10 3 50 cos 10 3 t  S  
 d  dt  d
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 21
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 22
 9.5 Maxwell’s Equation in the Final Forms (Generalized Form)

Generalized form … can be used for both static and dynamic

cases.

  D     D  dS   d
S
GL.

B 0   B  dS  0
S
NMPM

B 
E  
t
 LE  d    t SB  dS FL

D  D 
H  J 
t
 LH  d   S  J  t   dS ACL

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 23

 Other equations associated with Maxwell’s equation are

F  Q E   u  B   Lorentz force


J   continuity of current equation
t

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 24

The concept of
linear
Isotropic Still can be applied for time-varying fields
Homogeneity where , ,  and  appeared in the following
eqt.

D  E   o E  P
B  H   o  H  M 
J  E   u
Therefore the boundary condition
E1t  E2 t   E1  E2   ân12  0
H 1t  H 2 t  K   H 1  H 2   ân12  K
D1n  D2 n   S   D1  D2   ân12   S
B1n  B2 n  0   B2  B1   ân12  0

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 25

Example: Applications of Maxwell’s Equations

In free-space  J  0  , the magnetic field is given

as
B  Bo z cos( t )â y

If we know that E has only x component

i). Say E  E x â x find E x using Faraday’s
ii). Use E from (i) and then determine B using ACL
iii). Compare B obtained from (ii) with B given above.
(iv) Give your comment if B from (iii) is not the same
with B given in the question.

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 26

 Solution
i) Faraday’s law
B 
E      Bo z cos  t  â y
t t
â x â y â z
  
  Bo z sin(  t )â y
x y z
Ex 0 0

 E x 
 â y   Bo z sin(  t )â y
 z 
z2
 E x  Bo sin  t  C
2
Note that, Ex = 0, t = 0, then C = 0

z2
 E   Bo sin  tâ x
2 27
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations
 ii) Ampere’s circuit law in free space ( no current)
D 0
H   J B
t H
o

  o E 
B

 o t
B in y component can be obtained as

â x â y â z
     z2 
  oBo sin t  â x
x y z t  2 
0
Bx By Bz0
o o o
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 28
   By  z 2
 
   â x    o Bo cos tâ x
2

z  o  2
3
z
B y   o  o 2 Bo cos t
6
3
z
or B   o  o 2 Bo cos tâ y
6

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 29

 iii. Given B  Bo z cos( t )â y
3
2 z
Obtained B   o  o cos( t )â y
6

iv. The B is different because the given B  Bo z cos( t )â y

is not the solution of Maxwell’s equations.

Note: Any solution to the Maxwell’s equation must satisfy

all the Maxwell’s equations and can be solved
simultaneously

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 30

9.6 The magnetic Vector Potential, A (Time-Varying Potentials)

Electric Scalar Potential

 dv  dS  d
V   S  
 4R S 4R  4R

Magnetic Vector Potential

Jdv K dS Id 
A  
 4R S 4R  4R

 Observe that, what happens to these potentials when

the fields are time-varying.

Note;

B   A , also holds for time - varying situations

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 31

  From Maxwell’s equation (iii)
B
E  
t B  A

   E     A
t
 A 

   E    0 ,    f   0
 t 
A
E   V
t
A
or E   V 
t

i ) B or E can be determined if A and V are given.

  J dv    dv
ii) for dynamic case A   , and V   
 4R  4R
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 32
   J dv    dv
A , and V   
 4R  4R

 J  is J  x, y, z, t   J  x, y, z, t' 
 v  is   x, y, z, t     x, y, z, t' 
t'  retarded time
R
t'  t
u
R  r  r
1
u 


 V  retarded electric scalar potential

A  retarded magnetic vector potential
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 33
9.7 Time-Harmonic Fields

 Specific EM fields  time-harmonic

 Time-harmonic quantities  quantities which vary periodically
or sinusoidal with time (period)
 Sinusoids are easily expressed in phesors (Complex form)
 A phesor z is a complex number that can be written as

z = x + jy  rectangular
imaginary
or z = rej = r(cos  + j sin  )
z=r
y
j  1 polar r
 real
x
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 34
 imaginary
r  z  x2  y2
y
  tan 1  y / x  is the phase of z r
 real
x
 to introduce the time element, we let

 = t +  ,  may be a function of time

 may be a function space
 may be a
constant
j j j t
 z  re  re e

 
Re re j  r cos t   
Im re   r sin t   
j

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 35

 Example

I ( t )  I o cos t   
I o'  I o
 I o e j e jt
I ( t )  I o sin t   


Im I ( t )  Im I o e j e jt 

 Re I o e e e j jt 90 o

Because, 
sin   cos   90 o 
Observe that
i. e jt is a common factor
ii. to simply we can drop e jt
iii . complex term, I  t  is called phasor, I s
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 36
 therefore

I S  I o e j  I o 

Assuming

i . I  t   I o cos  t   
Then instantane ous current can be written as

I  t   Re I s e jt 
ii. Phasor can be vector or scalar
iii. for example , a vector A
A  x, y, z,t   As  x , y , z ,t 

If A is real then A  Re As e jt  

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 37
 Example

A  Ao cos t   x  â y  real


 A  Re Ao e  jx â y e jt 
 AS  Ao e  jx â y

A
 Ao sin t  x  â y
t

 Re jAS e jt 
A As

t
 jAS similarly  A dt  j

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 38

 Maxwell’s Equation, Time-Harmonic

  DS  S  D  dS    d
S S

  BS  0  B  dS  0
S

  ES   jBS  E  d    j  B  dS
S S

  H S  J S  jDS  H  d     J  jD   dS
S S S

DS  D
For further discussion we just simply
BS  B drop the subs. s

ES  E
HS  H

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 39

 Example

The fields in free space are given as

E
50


cos 10 6 t  z â V/m

H
Ho


cos 10 6 t  z â  A/m

i ). Write, E and H in polar form

ii). Determine constants H o and  . If both E and H
satisfy maxwell Equations

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 40

 Solution
i . Instantaneous form of E and H


E  Re ES e jt' 

H  Re H S e jt'    10 6 rad/s (1)

Phasor ES and HS are

50 jz
ES  e â
 (2)
H o j z
HS  e â


PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 41

 ii. In free space,  = 0,  = o,  = 0  = o

Maxwell’s Equations

  ES  0   HS  0 (3)

  H S  j o ES   ES   j o H S (4)

Sub. (2) into equation (3)

1 
   ES   ES   0
 
1 
   HS   H S   0
 
 H o j z  jH o  jz (5)
  H S     e â   e â 
   
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 42
  Sub. (2) and (5) into (4)

jH o  jz 50 jz
 e â  j o e â
 

or H o   50 o (6)

Also, Sub. (2) into (4)

50 jz H o j z
 j e â   j o e â 
 

Ho 50
or  (7)
 o
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 43
 From (6) and (7) we have
o
H  ( 50 )
2
o
2

o
H o  ( 50 )  o /  o

H o   ( 50 ) 120

H o  0.1326
From (6) and (7) we also have

    o o
2 2

    o o
   / c  3.33  10 3
44
PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations
 End of Lecture
Chapter 9

PHY3401- Chapter 9 – Maxwell’s Equations 45