Aircraft Engines
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• For every action force, there is an equal
and opposite reaction force
• Aircraft drag must be counteracted by
thrust
Lift
Drag
Thrust
Weight
Engine Operation Similarity
• Reciprocating and turbine engines have
same four operations
Intake Compression Ignition Expansion
Engine Categories
A. Reciprocating (contains pistons)
1. Gasoline-powered
• Two stroke
• Four stroke
2. Diesel-powered (not typical in aircraft)
B. GasTurbine
1. Turbojet
2. Turbofan
3. Turboprop
4. Afterburning turbojet
5. Turbo Shaft
6. Scram Jet
7. Rockets
• Jet engine is nothing but a Gas turbine.
• It works under the principle of Newton’s
third law
• It states that “For every acting force there
is an equal and opposite force”
• Gas turbine operates like toy balloon
5
How A Jet Engine Works
?
• Jet engines move the airplane forward with a
great force that is produced by a tremendous
thrust and causes the plane to fly very fast.
6
Gas Turbine Engine
Thrust Producer Shaft Power Producer
• Compressor supplies high pressure air to
the combustor where it is heated by
burning fuel
• Flow leaving the combustor has a lot of
energy
Gas Turbine Engine
• Purpose of a gas turbine engine is to
generate thrust to propel an aircraft or to
generate shaft power
• Thrust is a force generated by accelerating
air
• Thrust is rate of change of momentum
𝑚
𝐹 𝑁 =𝑊 ( v 𝑗 − v 𝑜 ) 𝑊 = 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 ( )
𝑠
v 𝑜 =𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐹 𝑁 =𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑇h𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡
v 𝑗=𝐽𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Gas Turbine Engine Parts and Operation
PRESSURE
Exploded view
Tu
r
so
rb
es
in
pr SPARE
showing components
e
m ork
Co aft w PRESSURE
Sh
Large pressure Small pressure
rise drop
Cold section Hot section
Parts Of Jet Engine
FAN
COMPRESSOR
COMBUSTOR/
Combustion Chamber
TURBINE
MIXER
NOZZLE
10
How A Jet Engine Works ?
Fuel Burner
Fuel is mixed with
the air, and electric
sparks light the air,
causing it to
combust
Combustion
Chamber
The air is burnt
Increase in the
temperature of the
air, thus increases
the pressure inside
the engine
11
How A Jet Engine Works ?
Turbine
Works like a windmill
The blades gain energy
from the hot gases
moving past them
This movement is used
to power the
compressor
Jet Pipe and
Propelling Nozzle
The hot air rushes out
of the nozzle
High pressure
Hot air rushes out at
very high speed
12
Engine Categories
Gas Turbine
1. Turbojet
2. Turbofan
3. Turboprop
4. Afterburning turbojet
5. Turbo Shaft
6. Scram Jet
7. Rockets
Engine Categories
Gas Turbine
1. Turbojet
2. Turbofan
Engine Categories
Gas Turbine
1. Turboprop
2. Afterburning turbojet
Engine Categories
Gas Turbine
1. Turbo Shaft
2. Ram/Scram Jet
3. Rockets
Turbojet
• The turbojet engine is a reaction engine
• Substantial increases in thrust can be obtained
by employing an afterburner
Turbojet
• Simplest and earliest gas turbine
• Air flows continuously through engine
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Power (combustion) Exhaust
Power
4. Exhaust Compression
Intake
Turbojet
SR-71 Engine
Turbofan
• Modern military and commercial aircraft
• Combines best of high and low speed and
altitude performance
• Two airstreams
– Center core of air sent through
process similar to basic turbojet
– Some air passes around this center
turbojet
– Ratio of two streams is bypass ratio
Turbofan
• The objective of this sort of bypass system is to increase thrust
without increasing fuel consumption.
• It achieves this by increasing the total air-mass flow and reducing the
velocity within the same total energy supply.
• 75% of thrust is produced by the fan.
21
A Turbofan Aircraft Engine:
22
Turbofan
Turbofan
Boeing 777 Engine
Boeing 767 Engine
Turbofan Engine Size
Boeing 777 Engine Intake
Turboprop
• A turboprop engine is a jet engine attached to a propeller.
• Modern turboprop engines are equipped with propellers that have a
smaller diameter but a larger number of blades for efficient operation at
much higher flight speeds
26
Turboprop
• Turbine engine (with power turbine) turns
propeller
• Propellers develop thrust by moving large
mass of air through small change in
velocity
• Used in low speed transport aircraft and
small commuter aircraft
• Turbo shaft is similar but drives a rotor for
helicopters
Turboprop Example
Afterburning Turbojet
• Most military fighter jet engines (turbojet
and turbofan) use afterburners
• Helps exceed drag close to sound barrier
• Nozzle extended and fuel injected in hot
gases for extra thrust
• Inefficient burn uses a lot of fuel
Afterburning Turbofan
Variable nozzle geometry
3-stage fan
Afterburner
Single-stage LP turbine
Single stage HP turbine
Note: LP = Low Pressure
HP = High Pressure
Ramjet SCRAM Jet
• It has no moving parts
• Its compression ratio
depends on forward
speed
• It has no static thrust
• Guided-missile
systems, Space
vehicles use this type
of jet 31
Turboshaft
• It does not drive a propeller
• It provides power for a
helicopter rotor
• It permits the rotor speed to be
kept constant even when the
speed of the generator is varied
32
Rockets
Assignment
Gas Turbine Alternate Uses
• Also used to power
– Racing cars
– Ships
– Electrical power generators
– Natural gas pumping stations
Engine Placement
• Engine arrangements
• Under wing
– Engine weight close to lift generation
– Reduces wing structure
• Rear-fuselage
• Mixed under wing and rear fuselage
Rockets-Assignment
Principle of Operation
Uses
Advantages
Disadvantages
Why not used in Aircraft
