Dr.
Hemant Kumar Bhatt
Lecture 3
BJT as an Amplifier
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
We have already seen the essence of BJT as an amplifier by using large signal model
We have obtained almost linear-amplification by biasing BJT at an appropriate
point in active region of operation by keeping input signal very small.
Now, we will consider various possible configuration of BJT amplifiers
Types of configuration
1. Common Emitter
2. Common Base
3. Common Collector (or Emitter follower)
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization
Input Amplifier is fed with signal source
The amplifier circuit is two port network
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization
Can be seen in equivalent circuit
1. Input Resistance vi Rin
Rin and vi vsig
ii Rin Rsig
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization
Can be seen in equivalent circuit
2. Open Circuit Voltage vo
Avo
vi RL
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization
Can be seen in equivalent circuit
3. Output resistance vx
Ro
ix vi 0
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization
then, the o/p voltage can be find out using
RL Avo vi vo RL Avo
vo Av
RL Ro vi RL Ro
vo
Next is calculating overall gain Gv
vsig
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization
vo
overall gain Gv
vsig
Av
vo vo vo vo Rin Rsig Rin Rsig
Av Gv
vi vi Rin vsig Rin Rin
vsig
Rin Rsig
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization
vo
overall gain Gv
vsig
Rin
Gv Av
Rin Rsig
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-Emitter Amplifier
Our interest lies to find out
following parameters
vi vo
Rin Avo
ii vi RL
vx vo
Ro Gv
ix vsig
vi 0
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-Emitter Amplifier
Replacing the circuit with hybrid-pi-model
Rin r Ro ro RC
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Looking only in o/p side
Configurations
Common-Emitter Amplifier
For this case i/p is independent of o/p side
This is called unilateral amplifier
Now,
vo g m v (ro RC )
vo
Now, open circuit voltage gain
Avo
vi RL
g m v (ro RC ) g m v (ro RC )
Avo g m (ro RC )
vi v
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-Emitter Amplifier
vo
Finally calculating overall voltage gain Gv
vsig
r vsig
vi v For load resistance RL Av g m (ro RC RL )
r Rsig
Then,
vo g m v (ro RC RL ) r
Gv gm (ro RC RL )
vsig vsig r Rsig
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-Emitter Amplifier summary:
VT VT
1. Rin r The value remain moderate to low.
gm I B IC
As input resistance is directly proportional to Dc collector current
Now to obtain higher input resistance DC collector current can be reduced
But this will also reduce gain
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-Emitter Amplifier summary:
2. Ro RC The value remain moderate to high.
Reducing collector resistance will reduce gain
3. Avo g m (ro RC ) g m RC
Can be high, important reason for using CE configuration
But limits the bandwidth of CE amplifier
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-Base Amplifier
Our interest lies to find out
following parameters
vi vo
Rin Avo
ii vi RL
vx vo
Ro Gv
ix vsig
vi 0
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-Base Amplifier
Replacing the circuit with T-model
Effect ofro is neglected as it
will appear between i/p and o/p and
complicate the process
1. Input resistance
vi vi
Rin re
ii ie
Value rofe is very small from few ohms to few tens of ohms
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-Base Amplifier
2. Open circuit voltage gain
vo ie RC
And,
vi VT VT
ie re
re IE IC gm
Then,
vo
Avo RC g m RC
vi re
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-Base Amplifier
vx
3. The output resistance Ro
ix vi 0
Ro RC
4. Finding overall voltage gain
vo
Gv
vsig
Considering for load resistance RL
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-Base Amplifier
vo
4. Finding overall voltage gain Gv
vsig
Considering for load resistance RL
vo ie ( RC RL )
And,
vsig vsig
ie
Rsig Rin Rsig re
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-Base Amplifier
vo
4. Finding overall voltage gain Gv
vsig
vsig
vo ( )( RC RL )
Rsig re
vo RC RL
Gv
vsig Rsig re
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
Our interest lies to find out
following parameters
vi vo
Rin Avo
ii vi RL
vx vo
Ro Gv
ix vsig
vi 0
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
Replacing the circuit with T-model
Effect ofro is neglected as it will come
Parallel to the load resistance as R isLlow
ro
so can be neglected
1. Input resistance
vi vi
Rin
ii ib
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
1. Input resistance
vi vi
Rin
ii ib
ie ib ic ie ib ib ie ib (1 )
ie vi
ib and ie
(1 ) (re RL )
ie (re RL )
Rin ( 1)(re RL )
ie / ( 1)
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
2. Open circuit voltage gain
But we will first find voltage gain Av
vo ie RL
Av
vi ie (re RL )
RL
Av
re RL
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
2. Open circuit voltage gain Avo
vo RL
Av
vi re RL
Now,
vo
Avo then Avo 1
vi RL
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
vx
3. The output resistance Ro
ix vi 0
Ro re
4. Finding overall voltage gain
vo
Gv
vsig
Considering for load resistance RL
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
vo
4. Finding overall voltage gain Gv
vsig
Considering for load resistance RL
vo ie RL Rin vsig
vi
Rsig Rin
and,
vi Rin vsig
ie
(re RL ) ( Rsig Rin )(re RL )
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
vo
4. Finding overall voltage gain Gv
vsig
vo ie RL Rin
Gv
vsig ie ( Rsig Rin )(re RL )
vo RL Rin
Gv
vsig ( Rsig Rin )(re RL )
RL ( 1)(re RL )
Gv
( Rsig ( 1)(re RL ))(re RL )
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
vo
4. Finding overall voltage gain Gv
vsig
RL ( 1)(re RL )
Gv
( Rsig ( 1)( re RL ))(re RL )
RL ( 1)
Gv
Rsig ( 1)re ( 1) RL
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Analysing Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
For Example: i/p source is of 200mV with internal resistance of 100KOhm and
the load resistance is 2kOhm
If we directly put the source with load
200 200
i vi 2 2mV
100 2 100 2
Which is severe i/p distortion
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Analysing Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
For Example: i/p source is of 200mV with internal resistance of 100KOhm and
the load resistance is 2kOhm
Alternate approach is to use an emitter follower amplifier between
the source and the load
Emitter follower gives a voltage gain of unity
This condition is valid when signal is sufficient in strength
For Rin 100 K 200 100
vi 100mV
R0 10 100 100
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Analysing Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
For Example: i/p source is of 200mV with internal resistance of 100KOhm and
the load resistance is 2kOhm
RL
Av
RL re
=99%
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Analysing Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
Gain of emitter follower can be used draw an equivalent circuit
v0 RL ( 1)
Gv
vsig Rsig ( 1)re ( 1) RL
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations
Analysing Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier
Gain of emitter follower can be used draw an equivalent circuit
v0 RL
Gv
vsig Rsig
re RL
( 1)
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt
BJT as an Amplifier
Summary
Rin Ro Avo Av Gv Ai
Configuration Input Output Open Circuit Voltage Gain Overall Voltage Gain Current Gain Current gain in
Impedance Impedance Voltage Gain absence of load
CE r ro RC g m (ro RC ) g m (ro RC RL ) gm
r
(ro RC RL ) g m (ro RC RL )
r r
g m (ro RC )
r Rsig ro Rc ro Rc
CB
re RC g m RC RL RC RL
g m RC g m RC RL
re
g R
re
Rsig re RC
m C
RC
CC or Emitter
follower re RL RL ( 1) ( 1)(re )
( 1)(re RL )
1 Rsig ( 1)re ( 1) RL
RL ( 1)(re RL )
re RL re RL re re
