Chapter 1

Introduction to Networking

Mohammad Mahbobor Rahaman

Lecturer, MIS,
Dept. of Business Administration,
Leading University (LU) , Sylhet, Bangladesh
Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com
Objectives

• The connection to the Internet

• Networking math

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Requirements for
Internet Connection
• Connection to the Internet can be broken down into the following:
• Physical connection
• Used to transfer signals between PCs within the local network and
to remote devices on the Internet
• Logical connection
• Uses standards called protocols. A protocol is a formal description
of a set of rules and conventions that govern how devices on a
network communicate.
• The application
• Interprets the data and displays the information in an
understandable form

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

PC Basics
• Electronic components
• Connector, IC, LED, resistor, transistor
• Personal computer subsystems
• Bus, CD-ROM drive, CPU, disk drives, microprocessor,
motherboard, RAM, ROM
• Back plane components
• Mouse port, network card, parallel port

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

All Computers Have a CPU, Memory,
Storage, and Interfaces

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Network Interface Cards

• When you select a network card,

consider the following three
factors:
• Type of network
• Type of media
• Type of system bus
• Installing a NIC in a PC

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

NIC and Modem Installation

• Connectivity to the Internet

requires an adapter card,
which may be a modem or
NIC.
• Notebook computers may
have a built-in interface or
use a Personal Computer
Memory Card International
Association (PCMCIA) card.
Desktop systems may use an
internal or external NIC.

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Modem
• A modem, or modulator-demodulator, is a device that provides the
computer with connectivity to a telephone line
• A modem converts data from a digital signal to an analog signal that is
compatible with a standard phone line
• The modem at the receiving end demodulates the signal, which converts it
back to digital.

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

High-Speed and Dialup Connectivity

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

TCP/IP Description and Configuration

• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a set of

protocols or rules developed to allow cooperating computers to
share resources across a network.
• To enable TCP/IP on the workstation, it must be configured using the
operating system tools.

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Testing Connectivity with Ping
• Ping is a program that is
useful for verifying a
successful TCP/IP installation.
• It works by sending multiple
IP packets to a specified
destination.
• Each packet sent is a request
for a reply. Each reply
contains the success ratio
and round-trip time to the
destination.

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Web Browser and Plug-Ins

• Web browsers
• A web browser acts on behalf of
a user by
• Contacting a web server
• Requesting information
• Receiving information
• Displaying the results on a
screen
• Plug-ins
• Flash/Shockwave, QuickTime,
Real Audio

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Number Systems
• Knowing what base someone refers to
• Decimal uses 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
• Binary uses 2 digits: 0 and 1.
• Base conventions
• 101 in base 2 is spoken as one zero one.
• Working with exponents
• 103 = 10 X 10 X 10 = 1000
• 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16
• Binary numbers
• Use principle of place value just as decimal numbers do

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Binary Number System

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Bits and Bytes
• Bits are binary digits. They are either 0s or 1s.
In a computer, they are represented by On/Off
switches or the presence or absence of
electrical charges, light pulses, or radio waves.

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Bits and Bytes

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Base 10 Numbers

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Base 10 Calculations
• The upper table shows
the actual math.
• The lower table is a
simplified version that
requires the following:
• Start the value row and
position row with 1 in the
rightmost box.
• Each subsequent value is
current value times the
base (10 in this case).
• Value to be calculated is
entered in the digit row.
• Multiply digit amount times
value entry above.

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Base 2 Table

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Base 2 (Binary) Numbers

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Base 2 Calculations 8-Bit Values

Binary Value: 10101010

Start the value row and

position row with 1 in the
rightmost box.
Each subsequent value is
the current value times the
base (2 in this case).

Binary Value: 11101001

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com
 Converting Decimal to Binary

Example: 35 = 32 + 2 + 1 = 00100011

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

 Converting Decimal to Binary

Start by dividing the decimal by the largest number in the

Value row that will go.
Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com
Looking At the Table Relationships

The table will work with larger numbers, such as

this 12-bit example.

For any number in the value row,

the sum of all numbers to the
right is the current value minus 1
(64 - 1 = 63).

-
Sometimes its easier to subtract the 0 values
from 255 (largest 8-bit value).
Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com
Powers of 2

Powers of 2 are used extensively in networking.

One solution:
1. Start with 2 (which is 21).
2. Double the number to get the next value.
3. If you need 26, continue until you have 6 values.
Look over the example to the right. The second
column is included only for reference.

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

 Converting 8-Bit Binary to Decimal
• Binary numbers are converted to decimal numbers by multiplying the
binary digits by the base number of the system, which is base 2, and raised
to the exponent of its position.

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

 Four-Octet Dotted-decimal Representation of
32-Bit Binary Numbers
• Split the binary number into four groups of eight binary digits. Then
convert each group of eight bits, also known as an octet into its decimal
equivalent.

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Hexadecimal
• The base 16, or hexadecimal
(hex), number system is used
frequently when working with
computers, because it can be
used to represent binary numbers
in a more readable form.

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

Boolean or Binary Logic

• Boolean logic is based on

digital circuitry that accepts
one or two incoming
voltages.
• Boolean logic is a binary
logic that allows two
numbers to be compared
and generate a choice based
on the two numbers.

Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com

IP Addresses and Network Masks

• When IP addresses are

assigned to computers, use
a portion of the bits on the
left side of the 32-bit IP
number to represent a
network.
• The bits left over in the 32-
bit IP address identify a
particular computer on the
network.
• The IP address of a
computer usually consists
of a network, and a host
part that represents a
particular computer on a
particular network.
Copyright 2003 www.ciscopress.com