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Numerical Methods With Applications

The document describes using the bisection method to find the depth that a floating ball with a specific gravity of 0.6 and radius of 5.5 cm is submerged in water. The equation relating depth (x) to submersion is given. Over 10 iterations, the method converges on a root of 0.0623 with an absolute relative approximate error of 0.1721%, indicating that the first 2 significant digits are correct.

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27 views8 pages

Numerical Methods With Applications

The document describes using the bisection method to find the depth that a floating ball with a specific gravity of 0.6 and radius of 5.5 cm is submerged in water. The equation relating depth (x) to submersion is given. Over 10 iterations, the method converges on a root of 0.0623 with an absolute relative approximate error of 0.1721%, indicating that the first 2 significant digits are correct.

Uploaded by

razlan ghazali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NUMERICAL METHODS WITH

APPLICATIONS
(MEC500)

Dr. Siti Mariam binti Abdul Rahman


Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Office: T1-A14-12C
e-mail: [email protected]
Engineering Application
Bisection Method
You are working for a company that makes floats for commodes. The floating
ball has a specific gravity of 0.6 and has a radius of 5.5 cm. You are asked to
find the depth to which the ball is submerged when floating in water. The
equation that gives the depth to which the ball is submerged under water is
given by:

x3 − 0.165x 2 + 3.993 × 10 −4 = 0

 Use the bisection method of finding roots of equations to find the depth to
which the ball is submerged under water.
 Conduct three iterations to estimate the root of the above equation.
 Find the absolute relative approximate error at the end of each iteration,
and the number of significant digits at least correct at the end of each
iteration.

From http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu
Engineering Application
Bisection Method
From the physics of the problem, the ball would be submerged between
and, x = 0 and x = 2R, where R is the radius of the ball, that is:
0 ≤ x ≤ 2R
0 ≤ x ≤ 2(0.055)
0 ≤ x ≤ 0.11
Let us assume
xl = 0, xu = 0.11
€
Check if the function changes sign between xl and xu.
f(xl ) = f (0) = (0) 3 − 0.165(0) 2 + 3.993 × 10 −4 = 3.993 × 10 −4
€
f (xu ) = f (0.11) = (0.11) 3 − 0.165(0.11) 2 + 3.993 × 10 −4 = −2.662 × 10 −4
Hence
f(xl ) ⋅ f (xu ) = (3.993 × 10 −4 ) ⋅(−2.662 × 10 −4 ) < 0
€
Engineering Application
Bisection Method
1st Iteration: The estimate of the root is:

xl + xu 0 + 0.11
xr = = = 0.055
2 2
f(xr ) = f (0.055) = (0.055) 3 − 0.165(0.055) 2 + 3.993 × 10 −4 = 6.655 × 10 −5
f (xl ) ⋅ f (xr ) = f (0) ⋅ f (0.055) = (3.993 × 10 −4 ) ⋅(6.655 × 10 −5 ) > 0
€
Hence the root is bracketed between xr and xu, that is, between 0.055
and 0.11. So, the lower and upper limit of the new bracket is:

xl = 0.055, xu = 0.11
At this point, the absolute relative approximate error cannot be
calculated as we do not have a previous approximation. ∈a
€
Engineering Application
Bisection Method
2nd Iteration: The estimate of the root is:

xl + xu 0.055 + 0.11
xr = = = 0.0825
2 2
f(xr ) = f (0.0825) = (0.0825) 3 − 0.165(0.0825) 2 + 3.993 × 10 −4 = −1.622 × 10 −4
f (xl ) ⋅ f (xr ) = f (0.055) ⋅ f (0.0825) = (6.655 × 10 −5 ) ⋅(−1.622 × 10 −4 ) < 0

Hence the root is bracketed between xl and xr, that is, between 0.055 and
0.0.0825. So, the lower and upper limit of the new bracket is:

xl = 0.055, xu = 0.0825
The absolute relative approximate, ∈a is 33.33%. None of the significant
digits are at least correct in the estimated root of xr = 0.0825 because
the absolute relative approximate error is greater than 5%.
€
Engineering Application
Bisection Method
3rd Iteration: The estimate of the root is:

xl + xu 0.055 + 0.0825
xr = = = 0.06875
2 2
f(xr ) = f (0.06875) = (0.06875) 3 − 0.165(0.06875) 2 + 3.993 × 10 −4 = −5.563 × 10 −5
f (xl ) ⋅ f (xr ) = f (0.055) ⋅ f (0.06875) = (6.655 × 10 −5 ) ⋅(−5.563 × 10 −5 ) < 0

Hence the root is bracketed between xl and xr, that is, between 0.055
and 0.0.06875. So, the lower and upper limit of the new bracket is:

xl = 0.055, xu = 0.06875
The absolute relative approximate, ∈a is 20%. Still none of the
significant digits are at least correct in the estimated root of the
€ equation as the absolute relative approximate error is greater than 5%.
Engineering Application
Bisection Method
 Seven more iterations were conducted and these iterations are
shown in Table below:

Iteration xl xu xr |εa|% f(xr)

1 0.0000 0.011 0.055 - 6.655x10-5


2 0.055 0.011 0.0825 33.33 -1.622x10-4
3 0.055 0.0825 0.06875 20.00 -5.563x10-5
4 0.055 0.06875 0.06188 11.11 4.484x10-6
5 0.06188 0.06875 0.06531 5.263 -2.593x10-5
6 0.06188 0.06531 0.06359 2.702 -1.0804x10-5
7 0.06188 0.06359 0.06273 1.370 -3.176x10-6
8 0.06188 0.06273 0.0623 0.6897 6.497x10-7
-6
Engineering Application
Bisection Method
At the end of 10th iteration,
ε a = 0.1721%

Hence the number of significant digits at least correct is given by the largest
value of for m which
€ ε a ≤0.5 × 10 2−m
0.1721 ≤ 0.5 × 10 2−m
0.3442 ≤ 10 2−m
log(0.3442) ≤ 2 − m
m ≤ 2 − log(0.3442) = 2.463

So m = 2. The number of significant digits at least correct in the estimated


€ root of 0.06241 at the end of the 10th iteration is 2.

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