ME 1204: Engineering Statics: Dr. Faraz Junejo
ME 1204: Engineering Statics: Dr. Faraz Junejo
30°
+X
Illustrating Vectors
Vectors are represented by arrows
Include magnitude, direction, and sense
Direction: The angle between a reference axis and the
arrow’s line of action
Direction = 30° counterclockwise from the
positive X axis
30°
+X
Illustrating Vectors
Vectors are represented by arrows
Include magnitude, direction, and sense
Sense: Indicated by the direction of the tip of the
arrow
Sense = Upward and to the right
30°
+X
Sense
+y (up) +y (up)
-x (left) +x (right)
(0,0)
-y (down) -y (down)
-x (left) +x (right)
Summary: Vectors
• A vector is represented on paper by an
arrow
1. the length represents magnitude
2. the arrow faces the direction of motion
3. a vector can be “picked up” and moved on
the paper as long as the length and direction
its pointing does not change
Position Vector
• If A is the point (a1,a2), as shown in figure
given below, then OA is called position
vector for (a1,a2), or for point A.
• The numbers (a1,a2) are called components of
vector.
y
A(a1,a2)
i tion
Pos tor Terminal Point
vec a
O
x
Initial Point
Position Vector (contd.)
• The magnitude of the vector a (a1,a2) is
actually the length of its position vector OA
is given by:
2 2
a (a 1 , a 2 a 1 a 2
Exercise:
p
P
Q
EQUAL VECTORS (contd.)
• Forces equal in Magnitude can act in
opposite Directions
S
Resultant of Two Vectors
The resultant is the sum or the combined effect of
two vector quantities
6m
= 10 m
4m
6N 10 N = 4N
Algebraic Vector Addition
The sum of the two vectors, say a (a1,a2) and
b(b1,b2) is obtained by simply adding the
corresponding components, i.e.
a+b=[a1+b1, a2+b2];
a Direction along a
We can increase or decrease the magnitude of a
vector by multiplying the vector by a scalar
Scalar Multiplication
P
Force on a Particle (Contd.)
Note: Point P is the point of action of
force and and are directions.
To notify that F is a vector, it is printed in
bold as in the text book.
Its magnitude is denoted as |F| or simply
F.
Force on a Particle (Contd.)
There can be many forces acting on a
particle.
Q
Parallelogram Law
Properties of Parallelogram
180
Triangle Law
The two vectors V1 and V2, again treated as free vectors,
may also be added head-to-tail by the triangle law, as
shown in Fig. c, to obtain the identical vector sum V. We
see from the diagram that the order of addition of the
vectors does not affect their sum, so that V1 + V2 = V2 + V1
Vector Addition (Contd.)
R=Q+P
P
Q
Vector Addition (Contd.)
• Also:
Q
P
R=P+Q
Solution:
Complete the parallelogram (rectangle)
The diagonal of the parallelogram ac
5N
N 5
ac 13 N
12 b c
Direction of ac : tan 12
5
12
tan 1 67 Resultant displacement is 13 N 67º
5
with the 5 N force
Problem: Resultant of 3 Vectors
Find the magnitude (correct to two decimal places) and direction of the
resultant of the three forces shown below.
Solution:
Find the resultant of the two 5 N forces first (do right angles first)
ac 52 52 50 7.07 N
5 d 5 c
tan 1 45
5
N
Now find the resultant of the 10 N and
5N
07
5
7.
7.07 N forces
The 2 forces are in a straight line (45º + 90º
θ
45º
N
a
135º = 180º) and in opposite directions 5N
b
93
135º
2.
So, Resultant = 10 N – 7.07 N = 2.93 N
N
10
in the direction of the 10 N force
Polygon Rule
• Can be used for the addition of more
than two vectors.
• Two vectors are actually summed and
added to the third.
Polygon Rule (contd.)
S Q
R
(P + Q)
P
R=P+Q+S
Polygon Rule (contd.)
• i.e. P + Q + S = (P + Q) + S = R
S Q
R (Q + S)
R=P+Q+S
Polygon Rule (contd.)
• P + Q + S = P + (Q + S) = R
• i.e. P + Q + S = (P + Q) + S = P + (Q + S)
• This is the associative Law of Vector Addition
Vector Subtraction
The difference V1 - V2 (i.e. V’) between the two
vectors is easily obtained by adding - V2 to V1 as
shown in Fig., where either the triangle or
parallelogram procedure may be used.
Vector Subtraction: Example
• P - Q = P + (- Q) P
P -Q
P -Q
P
-Q P-Q
Parm. Rule
Triangle Rule
Vector Components
vx
angle , where
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS OF FORCE
• In many problems, it is desirable to resolve force
F into two perpendicular components in the x
and y directions.
• Fx and Fy are called rectangular vector
components.
• In two-dimensions, the cartesian unit vectors i
and j are used to designate the directions of x
and y axes.
Fx = Fx i and Fy = Fy j
i.e. F = Fx i + Fy j
• Fx and Fy are scalar components of F
Resolving a Vector Into Perpendicular
Components
• When resolving a vector into
components we are doing the opposite
to finding the resultant
• We usually resolve a vector into
components that are perpendicular to
each other
v
y
component
x
Practical Applications
• Here we see a table being N
y=25 N 50
pulled by a force of 50 N at
30º
a 30º angle to the horizontal x=43.3 N
• When resolved we see that
this is the same as pulling
the table up with a force of
We can see that it
would be more
25 N and pulling it
efficient to pull the
horizontally with a force of table with a
43.3 N horizontal force of
50 N
Calculating the Magnitude of the
Perpendicular Components
y p)
e (h Opposite Side
nu s
o te (opp)
H yp
90°
Adjacent Side (adj)
Trigonometry Review
Trigonometric Functions
sin θ° = opp / hyp
cos θ° = adj / hyp
tan θ° = opp / adj
y p)
e (h Opposite Side
nu s
p o te (opp)
Hy
90°
Adjacent Side (adj)
Trigonometry Application
The hypotenuse is the Force, F
The adjacent side is the x-component, Fx
The opposite side is the y-component, Fy
e
F Opposite Side
n u s
ote Fy
Hyp
90°
Adjacent Side Fx
Trigonometry Application
sin θ° = Fy / F Fy= F sin θ°
tan θ° = Fy / Fx
e
F Opposite Side
n u s
ote Fy
Hyp
90°
Adjacent Side Fx
Trigonometric Relations of a triangle
Pythagorean theorem is valid only for a right angled triangle. For any
triangle (not necessarily right angled)
A B C
Sine Law
sin a sin b sin c
A
B
C
Vector X and Y Components
Vector A
Magnitude = 75.0 lb
Direction = 35.0° from the horizontal
Sense = right, up
+Y
A 75.0 lb
opp = FAY
35.0°
-X +X
adj = FAX
-Y
Vector X and Y Components
Solve for FAX
a dj F FAX
cos cos
AX
cos 35.0
hyp A 75.0 lb
A 75.0 lb FAX 61.4 lb
opp = FAY
35.0°
-X +X
adj = FAX
-Y
Vector X and Y Components
Solve for FAY
opp F FAY
s in s in
AY
s in 35.0
hyp A 75.0 lb
A 75.0 lb
FAY 43.0 lb
opp = FAY
35.0°
-X +X
adj = FAX
-Y
Vector X and Y Components - Your Turn
Vector B
Magnitude = 75.0 lb
Direction = 35.0° from the horizontal
+Y
Sense = right, down
adj = FBX
-X +X
35.0°
opp = FBY
-Y
B 75.0 lb
Vector X and Y Components – Your Turn
Solve for FBX
a dj FBX FBX
cos cos cos 35.0
hyp 75.0 lb
B
+Y
FBX 75.0 lb cos 35.0
adj = FBX
-X +X FBX 61.4 lb
35.0°
opp = FBY
-Y
B 75.0 lb
Vector X and Y Components – Your Turn
Solve for FBY
opp FBY FBY
s in s in s in 35.0
hyp B 75.0 lb
opp = FBY
-Y
B 75.0 lb
Resultant Force: Example 1
Two people are pulling a boat to shore. They
are pulling with the same magnitude.
A 75.0 lb
35.0
35.0
B 75.0 lb
Resultant Force
List the forces according to
sense.
FAY = 43.0 lb
A 75 lb Label right and up forces as
positive, and label left and
down forces as negative.
FX
35 FAX = 61.4 lb
FAX = +61.4 lb
35 FBX = 61.4 lb
FBX = +61.4 lb
FY
FAY = +43.0 lb
B 75 lb
FBY= 43.0 lb FBY = -43.0 lb
Resultant Force
Sum (S) the forces
FX
FAX = +61.4 lb SFX = FAX + FBX
FAY = +43.0 lb
FBY = -43.0 lb SFY = FAY + FBY
SFY = 43.018 lb + (-43.018 lb) = 0
Magnitude is 122.9 lb
Direction is 0° from the x axis
Sense is right
Resultant Force
Draw the resultant force (FR)
Magnitude is 123 lb
Direction is 0° from the x axis
FAY = 43.0 lb Sense is right
FAX = 61.4 lb
FR = 122.9 lb
FBX = 61.4 lb
FBY= 43.0 lb
Resultant Force: Example 2
C 300. lb
30.
resultant force.
D 400. lb
Resultant Force
Find the X and Y components of vector C.
FX
60
FCX = 150.0 lb FCX = +150.0 lb
30 FDX = 346.4 lb FDX = +346.4 lb
D 400 lb FY
FDY= 200.0 lb
FCY = +259.8 lb
FDY = -200.0 lb
Resultant Force
Sum (S) the forces
FX
FCX = +150.0 lb SFX = FCX + FDX
FDX = +346.4 lb SFX = 150.0 lb + 346.4 lb = 496.4 lb (right)
FY
FCY = +259.8 lb SFY = FCY + FDY
FDY = -200.0 lb SFY = 259.8 lb + (-200.0 lb) = 59.8 lb (up)
FR 496.4 lb
59.8 lb 59.8 lb
FR
496.4 lb
Resultant Force
Solve for magnitude.
FR a2 + b 2 = c 2
59.8 lb
(59.8 lb)2 +(496.4 lb)2 =FR2
496.4 lb
( 59.8 lb 2 ) ( 496.4 lb 2 ) FR
FR = 500 lb or 5.0x102 lb
Magnitude is 5.0x102 lb
Resultant Force
Solve for direction.
opp
ta n
a dj
59.8 lb
500 lb ta n
59.8 lb 496.4 lb
1 59.8
ta n
496.4 lb 496.4
7
5.0x102 lb
7°
Exercise: 1
• Determine the resultant of the three
forces below.
y
600 N
800 N
350 N
45o
60o 25o
x
Exercise: 1 (contd.)
F x = 350 cos 25o + 800 cos 70o - 600 cos 60o
350 N
F 290.82 1419.32 1449 N
45o
1 1419.3
tan 78.4 0 60 o
25o
290.8
x
F = 1449 N 78.4 o
Exercise : 2
• A hoist trolley is subjected to the three forces
shown. Knowing that = 40o , determine:
(a) the magnitude of force, P for which the
resultant of the three forces is vertical
(b) the corresponding magnitude of the
resultant.
P
2000 N 1000 N
Exercise: 2 (contd.)
(a) The resultant being vertical means that the
horizontal component is zero.
F x = 1000 sin 40o + P - 2000 cos 40o = 0
P = 2000 cos 40o - 1000 sin 40o =
1532.1 - 642.8 = 889.3 = 889 kN
40o P
40o
2000 N 1000 N
Exercise: 3
• Determine graphically, the magnitude and
direction of the resultant of the two forces
using (a) Parallelogram law and (b) the
triangle rule.
600 N
900 N
45o
30o
Exercise: 3 (contd.)
Solution: A parm. with sides equal to 900 N and 600 N is drawn to scale as shown.
The magnitude and direction of the resultant can be found by drawing to scale.
600N 900N
600 N R
45o
30o
15o 900 N
45o 30o
The triangle rule may also be used. Join the forces in a tip to tail fashion and
measure the magnitude and direction of the resultant.
600 N
R 45o
135o C
900 N
B 30o
Exercise: 3 (Trigonometric Solution)
Using the cosine law:
ie. R = 139N
47.8o
Exercise: 4
• Two structural members B and C are bolted to
bracket A. Knowing that both members are in
tension and that P = 30 N and Q = 20 N, determine
the magnitude and direction of the resultant force
exerted on the bracket.
25o
50o
Q
Exercise: 4 (contd.)
Solution: Using Triangle rule:
75o 30 kN
20 kN 105o
25o
Q
R
Law of Sines
150 N 212.6 N
sin sin 115
150 N
sin 0.9063
212.6 N
39.8
Example:1 (contd.)
Trigonometry
Direction Φ of FR measured from the
horizontal
39.8 15
54.8
Example:2
Given
Resultant R 1kN , 30
To find:
F1 and F2
Example:2 (contd.)
1. Draw the vector diagram
Example:2 (contd.)
2. Use the sine law to find F1 and F2
F1 1000
F1 653 N
Sin30
Sin130
F2 1000
F2 446 N
Sin 20
Sin130