IP Addressing

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IP Addressing
Objectives
In this chapter, you will be able to:
 Describe the structure of an IPv4 address.
 Describe the purpose of the subnet mask.
 Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast,
broadcast and multicast IPv4 addresses.
 Explain the need for IPv6 addressing.
 Describe the representation of an IPv6 address.
 Describe types of IPv6 network addresses.
 Configure global unicast addresses.

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IPv4 Address Structure - Binary Notation and
dotted decimal
 IP addresses are hierarchical with
network, subnetwork, and host
portions. An IP address can
represent a complete network, a
specific host, or the broadcast
address of the network.
 It is usually represented in dotted
decimal and binary numbered
 Binary notation refers to the fact
that computers communicate in 1s
and 0s
 Converting binary to decimal
requires an understanding of the
mathematical basis of a numbering
system – positional notation

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IPv4 Address Structure
Binary Number System

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IPv4 Address Structure
Converting a Binary Address to Decimal
Practice

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IPv4 Address Structure
Converting from Decimal to Binary

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IPv4 Address Structure
Converting from Decimal to Binary Conversions

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address

 To define the network and host portions of an address, a

devices use a separate 32-bit pattern called a subnet
mask
 The subnet mask does not actually contain the network
or host portion of an IPv4 address, it just says where to
look for these portions in a given IPv4 address
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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address

Valid Subnet Masks

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IPv4 Subnet Mask
Examining the Prefix Length

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IPv4 Subnet Mask
IPv4 Network, Host, and Broadcast Address

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IPv4 Subnet Mask
First Host and Last Host Addresses

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IPv4 Subnet Mask
Bitwise AND Operation

1 AND 1 = 1 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 0 AND 0 =

0
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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Assigning a Static IPv4 Address to a Host

LAN Interface Properties Configuring a Static IPv4 Address

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Assigning a Dynamic IPv4 Address to a Host

Verification

DHCP - preferred method of “leasing” IPv4 addresses to hosts on

large networks, reduces the burden on network support staff and
virtually eliminates entry errors

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast Data transmission
Unicast Transmission

In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of

three different ways:

1. Unicast - the process of sending a packet from one

host to an individual host.

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Broadcast Transmission
2. Broadcast - the process of sending a packet from one host
to all hosts in the network

Routers do not Directed broadcast

forward a • Destination
limited 172.16.4.255
broadcast! • Hosts within
the
172.16.4.0/2
4
network

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Multicast Transmission
• Multicast - the process of sending a packet from one host to
a selected group of hosts, possibly in different networks
• Reduces traffic
• Reserved for addressing multicast groups - 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255.
• Link local - 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 (Example:
routing information exchanged by routing protocols)
• Globally scoped addresses - 224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255
(Example: 224.0.1.1 has been reserved for Network Time
Protocol)

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Types of IPv4 Address
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
Private address blocks are:
 Hosts that do not require access to the Internet can use
private addresses
 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)
 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)
Shared address space addresses:
 Not globally routable
 Intended only for use in service provider networks
 Address block is 100.64.0.0/10
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Types of IPv4 Address
Legacy Classful Addressing

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Types of IPv4 Address
Legacy Classful Addressing

Classless Addressing
• Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR,
pronounced “cider
• Created a new set of standards that allowed service
providers to allocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit
boundary (prefix length) instead of only by a class A, B, or
C address

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Types of IPv4 Address
Assignment of IP Addresses
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
The major registries are:

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IPv4 Issues
The Need for IPv6

 IPv6 is designed to be the successor to IPv4

 Depletion of IPv4 address space has been the motivating
factor for moving to IPv6
 Projections show that all five RIRs will run out of IPv4
addresses between 2015 and 2020
 With an increasing Internet population, a limited IPv4 address
space, issues with NAT and an Internet of things, the time
has come to begin the transition to IPv6!

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IPv4 Issues
The Need for IPv6

 IPv4 has theoretical maximum of 4.3 billion addresses plus

private addresses in combination with NAT
 IPv6 larger 128-bit address space providing for 340
undecillion addresses
 IPv6 fixes the limitations of IPv4 and include additional
enhancements such as ICMPv6

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IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
The migration techniques can be divided into three
categories:

#1

Dual-stack: Allows IPv4 and IPv6 to

coexist on the same network. Devices run
both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks
simultaneously.
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IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
The migration techniques can be divided into three
categories:

#2

Tunnelling: A method of transporting an IPv6

packet over an IPv4 network. The IPv6 packet
is encapsulated inside an IPv4 packet.

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IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
The migration techniques can be divided into three
categories:

#3

Translation: Network Address Translation 64 (NAT64)

allows IPv6-enabled devices to communicate with IPv4-
enabled devices using a translation technique similar
to NAT for IPv4. An IPv6 packet is translated to an IPv4
packet, and vice versa.
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IPv6 Addressing
Hexadecimal Number System

 Hexadecimal is a
base sixteen system
 Base 16 numbering
system uses the
numbers 0 to 9 and
the letters A to F
 Four bits (half of a
byte) can be
represented with a
single hexadecimal
value

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IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Representation
 128 bits in length and written as a string of hexadecimal
values
 In IPv6, 4 bits represents a single hexadecimal digit, 32
hexadecimal values = IPv6 address

2001:0DB8:0000:1111:0000:0000:0000:0200
FE80:0000:0000:0000:0123:4567:89AB:CDEF

 Hextet used to refer to a segment of 16 bits or four

hexadecimals
 Can be written in either lowercase or uppercase
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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 1- Omitting Leading 0s
 The first rule to help reduce the notation of IPv6 addresses is
any leading 0s (zeros) in any 16-bit section or hextet can be
omitted
 01AB can be represented as 1AB
 09F0 can be represented as 9F0
 0A00 can be represented as A00
 00AB can be represented as AB

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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2- Omitting All 0 Segments
 A double colon (::) can replace any single, contiguous string
of one or more 16-bit segments (hextets) consisting of all 0’s
 Double colon (::) can only be used once within an address
otherwise the address will be ambiguous
 Known as the compressed format
 Incorrect address - 2001:0DB8::ABCD::1234

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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2- Omitting All 0 Segments
 Examples

#1

#2

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Address Types

There are three types of IPv6 data transmission:

• Unicast

• Multicast

• Anycast.

Note: IPv6 does not have broadcast addresses.

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Prefix Length
 IPv6 does not use the dotted-decimal subnet mask notation
 Prefix length indicates the network portion of an IPv6 address
using the following format:
• IPv6 address/prefix length
• Prefix length can range from 0 to 128
• Typical prefix length is /64

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address
 IPv6 global unicast addresses are globally unique and
routable on the IPv6 Internet
 Equivalent to public IPv4 addresses
 ICANN allocates IPv6 address blocks to the five RIRs
 Currently, only global unicast addresses with the first three
bits of 001 or 2000::/3 are being assigned

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address
• Currently, only global unicast addresses with the first
three bits of 001 or 2000::/3 are being assigned

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address
 A global unicast address has three parts:

 Global Routing Prefix- prefix or network portion of the

address assigned by the provider, such as an ISP, to a
customer or site, currently, RIR’s assign a /48 global routing
prefix to customers
 2001:0DB8:ACAD::/48 has a prefix that indicates that the first
48 bits (2001:0DB8:ACAD) is the prefix or network portion
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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address
 Subnet ID
• Used by an organization to identify subnets within its site

 Interface ID
• Equivalent to the host portion of an IPv4 address
• Used because a single host may have multiple interfaces, each
having one or more IPv6 addresses

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IP Addressing
Summary
 IP addresses are hierarchical with network, subnetwork, and
host portions. An IP address can represent a complete
network, a specific host, or the broadcast address of the
network.
 The subnet mask or prefix is used to determine the network
portion of an IP address. Once implemented, an IP
network needs to be tested to verify its connectivity and
operational performance.
 DHCP enables the automatic assignment of addressing
information such as IP address, subnet mask, default
gateway, and other configuration information.

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IP Addressing
Summary
 IPv4 hosts can communicate one of three different ways: unicast,
broadcast, and multicast.
 The private IPv4 address blocks are: 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and
192.168.0.0/16.
 The depletion of IPv4 address space is the motivating factor for moving
to IPv6. Each IPv6 address has 128 bits verses the 32 bits in an IPv4
address. The prefix length is used to indicate the network portion of an
IPv6 address using the following format: IPv6 address/prefix length.
 There are three types of IPv6 addresses: unicast, multicast, and anycast.
 An IPv6 link-local address enables a device to communicate with other
IPv6-enabled devices on the same link and only on that link (subnet).
Packets with a source or destination link-local address cannot be routed
beyond the link from where the packet originated. IPv6 link-local
addresses are in the FE80::/10 range.
 ICMP is available for both IPv4 and IPv6.
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