and in the body FORCE on
This lecture is allocated to summary of
some concepts of mechanics “statics and
dynamics ”, some mechanical effects and
.applications to the human body
Mechanics is the science of forces and
motion, force controls all motion in
.the world
”?What is a “Force
A force causes something with mass to
move (accelerate)
From Newton’s Second Law of Motion
F=mxa
” The unit of force is Newton “N
To make an object rotate, a force must be applied in the
right place.
The combination of force and point of application is
called TORQUE
Torque:
Torque, τ, is the force to rotate an object
about some axis.
The lever arm is the distance between the axis of
rotation and the “line of action“.
:In medical physics forces include
A : Forces in the body
B : Forces on the body
Muscular forces that cause the blood to -1
.circulate and the lungs to take in air
Molecular forces (in bone , calcium atom). -2
. 3- Electric forces
.Gravitational forces -4
: In general there are three kinds of force
Gravitational force -1
Electrical force -2
Nuclear force -3
a. Strong nuclear force
)b. weaker nuclear force
-: Gravitational force -1
From Newton law: There is a force of attraction
between any two object, which is proportional to
the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between
.them
F=mg
F: the force (N, dyne)
g: acceleration due to gravity (cm/sec2 or m/sec2)
m: the mass (gm, kg)
Example:- our weight is due to the attractions -
between the earth and our bodies
-: The medical effects of gravitational force
A. The formation of varicose veins in the legs as the
venous blood travels against the force of gravity on
its way to the heart, as a result, pooling of blood
.occurs especially in the legs
B. The medical effect of gravity on the skeleton (on
the bones), in some way contributes to healthy
bones, if a person becomes weightless , he may
.lose some bone mineral
C. Long –term bed rest removes much of the force
of body weight from the bones can lead to a
. serious bone loss
Stresses (gravitational force per unit area) on the
contact surfaces of the bone joints, in some way
contribute to “healthy bones” where these stresses are
in their normal magnitudes. Serious loss of bone
mineral occurs where these stresses are eliminated for
long periods as in space flight weightlessness, or
greatly reduced as in long term bed rest of elderly
persons, or long term bed confinement of patients
seriously sick or injured in accidents.
The main force acting on the body is the gravitational force!
(W= weight!) W=mg
Stability of the body against the
gravitational force is maintained by
the bone structure of the skeleton!
Gravitational force W applies at the center of gravity CG of the body!
CG depends on body mass distribution! to
maintain stability CG must be located between feet,
if feet are far apart forces in horizontal direction Fx
have to be considered.
:The Electrical force -2
The forces produced by the muscles are caused
by electrical charges attracting or repelling
. other electrical charges
Example :- the E.F. between an electron and a
proton in a hydrogen atom is about 10 times
. greater than G.F. between them
Example:- our bodies are typically electrical
-:machines
The forces produced by the muscles are caused
by electrical charges attracting or repelling
.other electrical charges
: There are two types of E.F
A – static force: ( either attractive or repulsive
each of billions of living cells in the body has
electrical potential difference across cell
) membrane
B – Magnetic force : ( produce by moving
. ) electrical charge in muscle and nerves
-:The nuclear force -3
Nuclear force known as a fundamental force
which involves the nucleus of the atom and it
: is of two types
A. strong nuclear force : is much larger than the
other it acts as the “ glue " to hold the nucleus
together against the repulsive force produced by
. the protons on each other
B. weaker nuclear force : is involved with
. electron ( beta ) decay from the nucleus
Forces on the body
The types of problems involving forces
:on body
Where the body is in equilibrium)1
)static(
Where the body is accelerated )2
)dynamics(
: statics Forces – 1
when object are stationary (static)
they are of equilibrium means sum
of force in any direction is equal to
zero and the sum of the torques
.about axis also equal zero
”?What is a “Statics
Statics is the study of forces acting on an
.object that is in equilibrium and at rest
,e.g. Ladders, sign-posts, balanced beams
buildings, bridges, some parts of Human body,
...etc
Statics can help to understand levers in our -
.body
Statics study the balance and stability of many -
.structures
Static
Equilibrium
Translationa Rotational
l Equilibrium
Equilibrium
The Conditions of Equilibrium
Any rigid Body is in equilibrium when
: two conditions are satisfied
Condition (1)
.The net force acting on the body is zero
Condition (2)
The net torque about any axis must be
zero
Many of muscle and bone system of the
: body acts as levers which are classified to
a – First class lever : The force at the
fulcrum point ( F ) between the muscle
.force ( M ) and the weight ( W )
: the head ). ( e. g
An Examples of a first-class lever is the joint between the
skull and the atlas vertebrae of the spine: the spine is the
.fulcrum across which muscles lift the head
20
b – Second class lever : W between F and M
( e . g : standing on toes )
An example in the human body of a second-class lever is the
.Achilles tendon, pushing or pulling across the heel of the foot
c – Third class levers : M between F and W
( e . g : the elbow joint of the arm )
Three examples for lever systems, W is the applied
weight, F is the force supporting the pivot point of
.the lever system, and M is the muscles force
Frictional Force
Friction and energy loss due to friction appear every
day in our life. The maximum force of friction F is
F=μN
.Where N is a normal force
μ Is the coefficient between the two surfaces
The value of μ depends upon the two materials in
contact , and it is essentially independent of
For a rubber --- the maximum frictional force can -
.be as large as f = W ( μ = 1)
Examples values of coefficient
Friction
Material Static Friction μ
Steel on Steel 0.15
Rubber tire on dry concrete road 1.0
Rubber tire on wet concrete road 0.7
Steel on ice 0.03
Lubricated bone join 0.003
Table-1
.Figure : Normal walking
Both a horizontal frictional component of force, FH, and )a(
a vertical component of force N with resultant R exist on
the heel as it strikes the ground. The friction between the
.heel and surface prevents the foot from slipping forward
When the foot leaves the ground, the frictional )b(
component of force, FH, prevents the foot from slipping
backward and provides the force to accelerate the body
.forward
-When a person is walking , as the heel of the foot touches the
ground a force is transmitted from the foot to the ground. we
can resolve this force into horizontal and vertical components.
the vertical reaction force is applied by the surface and is
labeled N (normal force ).
-we can resolve this force into horizontal and vertical
components . the vertical reaction force is applied by the
surface and is labeled N (normal force ).
The horizontal reaction component must be applied by
frictional forces, as shown in figure.
The frictional force is large enough both when the heel touches
down and when the toe leaves the surface to prevent a person
from slipping. this how large the frictional force must be in
order to prevent the heel from slipping.
The frictional force is large enough both when the heel touches
down and when the toe leaves the surface to prevent a person
from slipping. this how large the frictional force must be in
order to prevent the heel from slipping.
The coefficient of friction in bone joints is very small.
If a disease of the joint exists, the friction may become large.
The synovial fluid in the joint is involved in the lubrication.
The saliva we add when we chew food acts as a lubricant (to
reduce the friction force).
For example, If you swallow a piece of dry toast you become
painfully aware of this lack of lubricant.
The lungs move inside the chest with each breath, and the
intestines have a slow rhythmic motion (peristalsis) as they
move food toward its final destination.
Dynamic Forces -2
These forces appears on the body where acceleration or
deceleration(under the constant acceleration) is involved :
The Newton's second law, force equal mass times acceleration,
can be written without vector notation as:-
F=ma
where: F= The force (N, dyne)
m= The mass (Kg, gm)
a= acceleration (cm /sec2 or m/ sec2)
F= The change of momentum over a short interval of time.
∴F = Δmv / Δt
Δmv= change of momentum =Δ(mυ)
m=mass, υ= velocity of this mass
Δt = interval of time
This force is important when the body is moving and hitting
another body . Therefore this force is used in forensic .medicine
Example 1:-
A 60 Kg person walking at 1 m/sec bumps into a wall and
stops in a distance of 2.5 cm in about 0.05sec what is the
force developed on impact?
Example 2:
A 50kg person jumping from a height of 1 m is travelling at
4.5 m/sec just prior to landing. Suppose she lands on a pad and
stops in 0.2 sec .What maximum force will she experience ?
F = Δ (mv )/Δt = 50x 4.5/0.2 =1125 N
Example 3:
Estimate the force on the forehead in figure 2 if the mass of
the head is 4 kg, its velocity is 15 m/sec, and the padded dash
stops it in 0.002 sec .
F = Δ (mv )/Δt= 4 x 15 / 0.002 = 3 x 104 N
The application of a dynamic force in the body
The work done by the heart beats (systole)60g of blood is -1
given a velocity of 1m/sec upward in about 0.1sec. The
upward momentum is 0.06 kg × 1 m/sec and due to third
Newton's law producing downward reaction force on the
.rest of the body is (0.06 kg sec-1/0.1sec or = 0.6 N)
The deceleration of the body take place through -2
compression of the padding of the feet when the person
jumps from a height of 1m, under these condition , the
body is traveling at 4.5m/sec just prior to hitting, and if the
.padding collapses by 1cm the body stops in 0.005 sec
.F (foot)= 100 of body's weight(W), force in the leg = 100N∴
The large velocity of modern cars the riders have a larger-3
momentum than when walking, in accident the car stops in
a short time, producing very large forces the result of these
forces on the passenger can be broken bones, injuries,…
.,death
The sedimentation
Sedimentation: is a phenomenon where
suspended material settles out of the fluid by
.gravity
The sedimentation process depends on the
size, shape, charge and type of the particle
.as well as the liquid properties
when the particle is moving at a constant speed, the Fd is an
equilibrium with the difference between the downward Fg
:and the upward buoyant force Fb
Medical Definition of
: sedimentation coefficient
: In some forms of disease such as
1 - rheumatic fever
2 - rheumatic heart disease
3 - gout
The RBCs clump together and the effective radius increase ;
thus
an increased sedimentation velocity occurs.
In other disease such as :
1 - hemolytic jaundice .
2 - skill cell anemia
The RBCs change or ‘break’ the radius decrease , then the
rate of sedimentation is slower than normal. “This method is
used to determine the (hematocrit ) percent of blood cells in
the blood” .
The ultracentrifuge
is a research tool used in the
determination of the molecular
. weight of large macromolecules
ULTRACENTRIFUGES
RUN AT 40000 TO 100000 RPM AND HAVE A GEFF OF
ABOUT 300000G .THEY HAVE BEEN VERY USEFUL IN
PROTEIN RESEARCH, AND THEY ARE NOT USED IN
. CLINICAL MEDICINE
The modified Rankin Scale :
)mRS) is a commonly used scale for measuring the degree of
disability or dependence in thedaily activities of people who
have suffered a stroke or other causes of neurological
disability, and it has become the most widely usedclinical
outcome measure for stroke clinical trials.
It was originally introduced in 1957 by Dr. John Rankin of
Stobhill Hospital Glasgow, Scotland, and first modified to its
currently accepted form by Prof. C. Warlow's group at
Western General Hospital in Edinburgh for use in the UK-
TIA study in the late 1980s.
The scale runs from 0-6 running from perfect health
without symptoms to Death.
0-No symptoms.
1-No significant disability. Able to carry out all usual
activities, despite some symptoms.
2-Slight disability. Able to look after own affairs without
assistance, but unable to carry out all previous activities.
3-Moderate disability. Requires some help, but able to walk
unassisted.
4- Moderately severe disability. Unable to attend to own
bodily needs without assistance, and unable to walk
unassisted.
5-Severe disability. Requires constant nursing care and
attention, bedridden, incontinent.
6- Dead.
Thank You
for
your attention
