Week 1

INTRODUCTIO
Naterials Science
M
Material Science & Engineering
 Material -> something tangible that goes into the
makeup of a physical object.
 Material Science -> involves investigating the
relationships that exist between the structures and
properties of materials.
 Material Engineering -> is, on the basis of these
structure–property correlations, designing or
engineering the structure of a material to produce a
predetermined set of properties.
 Material Science & Engineering
 Structure -> The structure of a material usually relates
to the arrangement of its internal components
 Different levels of defining structure of a material
 Property -> A property is a material trait
(distinguishing feature) in terms of the kind and
magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus
 Six categories of properties -> mechanical,
electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and
deteriorative.
 Material Science & Engineering
 Inaddition to structure and properties, two other
important components are involved in the science
and engineering of materials
namely, “processing” and “performance.”
 Processing -> preparing or putting through a
prescribed procedure, e.g. the processing of ore to
obtain material
 Performance -> the accomplishment relative to stated
goals or objectives
Relationship Among the Four
Components
 The structure of a material will depend on how it
is processed.
 Furthermore, a material’s performance will be a
function of its properties.
processing-structure-properties-performance

 Material of all three disks -> Aluminum Oxide

 Left Disk -> a single crystal
 Center Disk ->composed of numerous and very small
single crystals that are all connected
 Right Disk ->composed of many small, interconnected
crystals, and large number of small pores or void spaces
 WHY STUDY MATERIALS
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?
 Being Engineers we are totally dependent upon
materials, their properties and performance
 Many times, a materials problem is one of
selecting the right material from the many
thousands that are available
 On only rare occasions does a material possess the ideal
combination of properties
 Second selection consideration ->deterioration of
properties that may occur during service operation
 What will the finished product cost?
CLASSIFICATION OF
MATERIALS
 Three basic classifications of solid materials:
metals, ceramics, and polymers.
 In addition, there are the composites,
combinations of two or more of the above three
basic material classes
 1.
 METALS
Materials in this group are composed of one or more
metallic elements and often also nonmetallic elements in
relatively small amounts.
 Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very
orderly manner and in comparison to the ceramics and
polymers, are relatively dense.
 Distinguishing characteristics -> stiff, strong, ductile,
resistant to fracture.
 Metallic materials have large numbers of non-
localized electrons.
 Some of the metals (Fe, Co, and Ni) have
desirable magnetic properties.
Metallic Objects
 2.
CERAMICS
 Ceramics are compounds between metallic and
nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides,
nitrides, and carbides
 Traditional ceramics -> clay minerals (i.e. porcelain), as well
as cement, and glass
 Common (nontraditional) ceramics -> alumina,
silica, silicon carbide, silicon nitride
 Relatively stiff and strong—stiffnesses and strengths
are comparable to those of the metals
 Very hard
 Thus, very brittle
2. CERAMICS (contd…)
 typicallyinsulative to the passage of heat and electricity
 more resistant to high temperatures and harsh
environments than metals and polymers.
 ceramics may be transparent, translucent, or opaque
 some of the oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic
behavior
Ceramic Objects
 3.
 POLYMERS
A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule)
composed of repeating structural units typically
connected by covalent chemical bonds.
 Many of them are organic compounds that are
chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other
nonmetallic elements (e.g. O, N and Si).
 They have very large molecular structures, often chain-
like in nature that have a backbone of carbon atoms.
 Common polymers -> polyethylene (PE), nylon, poly
vinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene
(PS), and silicon rubber.
A Polymer at Macroscopic Level

Appearance of real linear polymer chains as recorded using an atomic

force microscope on surface under liquid medium. Chain contour
length for this polymer is ~204 nm; thickness is ~0.4 nm
 Polymers - Properties
 have low densities.
 mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar to the
metallic and ceramic materials – neither stiff nor strong.
 many of the polymers are extremely ductile and pliable
(i.e., plastic).
 relatively inert chemically and nonreactive in a large
number of environments.
 major drawback -> tendency to soften and/or
decompose at modest temperatures.
 low electrical conductivities and nonmagnetic.
Polymer Objects
COMPOSITES
 Composites are engineered materials made from two or
more constituent materials with significantly different
physical or chemical properties, which remain separate
and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished
structure
 COMPOSITES (contd…)
 The design goal of a composite is to achieve a
combination of properties that is not displayed by any
single material
 Some naturally-occurring materials are also
considered to be composites
 One of the common composites is fiberglass, in which
small glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric
material
 Glass Fiber -> Strong + Stiff + Brittle
 Polymer -> Ductile + Weak + Flexible
Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polymer
 COMPOSITES (contd…)
 CFRP -> carbon fibers that are embedded within a
polymer
 These materials are stiffer and stronger than the glass
fiber-reinforced materials, thus they are more expensive
 CFRPs are used in some aircraft and aerospace
applications, as well as high-tech sporting equipment
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics
(CFRP) Microstructure
Comparison Chart - 1

Bar-chart of room temperature density

Comparison Chart - 2

Bar-chart of room temperature stiffness

(elastic modulus)
Comparison Chart - 3

Bar-chart of room temperature strength

(tensile strength)
Comparison Chart - 4

Bar-chart of room temperature resistance to fracture

(fracture toughness)
Comparison Chart - 5

Bar-chart of room temperature electrical

conductivity ranges
 Advanced Materials
 Materials that are utilized in high-tech applications
 Hi-Tech -> device or product that operates or
functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated
principles
 These advanced materials are typically traditional materials
whose properties have been enhanced, and also newly
developed, high-performance materials.
 include semiconductors, biomaterials, and materials
of the future (i.e. smart materials and nano-engineered
materials).
 1. Semiconductors
 Semiconductors have electrical properties that are
intermediate between the conductors (e.g. metals and metal
alloys) and insulators (e.g. ceramics and polymers).
 Common semiconducting materials are crystalline solids
but amorphous and liquid semiconductors are known. These
include hydrogenated amorphous silicon and mixtures of
arsenic, selenium and tellurium in a variety of proportions.
 Electrical characteristics are extremely sensitive to the
presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms.
 Semiconductors have caused the advent of integrated
circuitry.
1. Semiconductors
 2. Biomaterials
 A biomaterial is any material, natural or man- made,
that comprises whole or part of a living structure or
biomedical device which performs, augments or
replaces a natural function.
 must not produce toxic substances and must be
compatible with body tissues.
 All of the above materials—metals, ceramics,
polymers, composites, and semiconductors— may be
used as biomaterials.
 Examples -> Artificial hip, bone plates, heart valves,
contact lenses, dental implants, etc.
 Materials of the Future – Smart
Materials
 Smart materials are materials that have one or more
properties that can be significantly changed in a
controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress,
temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields.
 Smart material (or system) include some type of
sensors, and an actuators.
 Four types -> shape memory alloys, piezoelectric
ceramics, magnetostrictive materials and
electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids.
 Smart Materials (contd…)
 Shape Memory Alloys -> alloy that "remembers" its
original shape and returns the pre-deformed shape by
heating.
 Main types of shape memory alloys are the copper-
zinc-aluminum-nickel, copper- aluminum-nickel,
and nickel-titanium alloys.
 Piezoelectric ceramics -> produce a voltage when stress
is applied. Since this effect also applies in the reverse
manner, a voltage across the sample will produce stress
within the sample
 Smart Materials (contd…)
 Magnetostrictive materials -> analogous to
piezoelectrics, except that they are responsive to
magnetic fields.
 Electrorheological and Magnetorheological fluids
-> liquids that experience dramatic changes in
viscosity upon the application of electric and
magnetic fields, respectively.
 Materials for sensors -> Optical fibers,
Piezoelectrics, Microelectromechanical
devices.
 Materials of the Future –
Nano-engineered Materials
 Ithas become possible to manipulate and move
atoms and molecules to form new structures and
design new materials that are built from simple
atomic-level constituents.
 This ability to carefully arrange atoms provides
opportunities to develop mechanical, electrical,
magnetic, and other properties that are not otherwise
possible
 One example of a material of this type is the carbon
nanotube