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Steel Report - Introduction, Specification, Live Loads'

This document discusses structural design loads and load reduction factors. It covers live loads, which are imposed by occupancy and use, and includes basic live loads for different occupancies. Load reduction factors are discussed to account for the fact that full live loads are unlikely to cover the entire tributary area of structural members. Impact and partial live loads are also addressed. Design codes provide recommended live loads and procedures to determine nominal design live loads accounting for load distribution through influence areas and load reduction factors.

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Alessandro Macaraig
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46 views16 pages

Steel Report - Introduction, Specification, Live Loads'

This document discusses structural design loads and load reduction factors. It covers live loads, which are imposed by occupancy and use, and includes basic live loads for different occupancies. Load reduction factors are discussed to account for the fact that full live loads are unlikely to cover the entire tributary area of structural members. Impact and partial live loads are also addressed. Design codes provide recommended live loads and procedures to determine nominal design live loads accounting for load distribution through influence areas and load reduction factors.

Uploaded by

Alessandro Macaraig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 4 – DESIGN

LOADS AND DESIGN


PHILOSOPHY
ANGON
ELMANN
GLORIOSO
MACARAIG
4.1 – INTRODUCTION

• Structural design – is a process by which an optimum solution for a structural form


and the sizes of its elements is obtained. This solution must satisfy the functional,
economic, aesthetic, sociological, and other requirements, using one or more criteria
such as minimum overall cost, minimum weight, minimum construction time, and so
on.
1. Bring to practical reality the concept and form desired by the architect and owner
2. Achieve this reality at a minimum capital cost to the client
3. Ensure satisfactory service life of the building by ensuring that it conforms to
accepted standards of strength, deflection, vibration and maintenance
4.2 – SPECIFICATIONS

• Refers to rules and guidelines written by an architect/engineer pertaining to one particular


building under construction. They are legal documents. More frequently, specifications
refer to documents developed by various engineering organizations. They represent the
best opinion of a group of experts in a specific field of study (such as steel, concrete,
timber, steel decks, and steel joists) as to what represents good engineering practice in
that field.
• These specifications have no legal standing unless they are made part of a particular
contract by reference or embodied in the local building code.
4.2 – SPECIFICATIONS

• Specifications, unlike the codes to be discussed in Section 4.3, contain detailed


procedures and specific guidance for the design of structural members and connections.
Designers, especially student designers, must understand the behavior for which a
particular specification rule applies and its limitations before using that rule.
• They are written as guides to the best current practice among engineers who are
recognized as experts in their particular field. However, most specifications are int the
writing stage for a long time (5 to 10 years is not unusual), so it is not feasible to keep
them completely up to date at all times.
4.2 – SPECIFICATIONS

• Specifications are written for the benefit of those designing small to medium size
structures of a simple nature, leaving the design of large and complex structures to the
experiences engineer who would often tend to work beyond the confines of a code by
obtaining permissions from the approving authorities. Some of the specification writing
organizations in the United States include the American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE), American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and the American Railway
Engineering Association (AREA)
4.6 – LIVE LOADS

• These are loads imposed on a structure by the use and occupancy of the structure and are
the result of human actions. This sets them apart from natural forces, such as wind and
snow loads, that may be assumed to conform to physical laws and to be predictable
within specifiable limits on the basis of past experience. Human actions will never be
predictable in the same way. Live loads vary with time in position and/or magnitude.
• Movable loads – are loads that may be transported from one location to another on a
structure without any dynamic effect, for example, human occupants, furniture, books in
a library, equipment, goods stored on a warehouse floor and movable partitions.
• Moving loads – are loads that move continuously over a structure, for example, cranes on
the crane runways of a building and trucks and trains on bridges. Loads incidental to
construction, maintenance, and repair should also be treated as live loads.
4.6.1 BASIC OR UNREDUCED LIVE LOADS

• Because buildings, or zones of buildings (in tall buildings), are usually designed for a particular
kind of usage, it is traditional to base recommended floor loadings on the type of occupancy.
Such classifications could be:
1. Residential (houses, apartments, hotels)
2. Offices (offices, banks)
3. Educational (schools, colleges)
4. Public assembly (theaters, auditorium, halls, restaurants, churches)
5. Institutional (hospitals, prisons)
4.6.1 BASIC OR UNREDUCED LIVE LOADS

6. Retail (department stores, shops, sales room)


7. Storage (warehouses, libraries)]
8. Industrial (workshops, factories, manufacturing, fabricating, and assembly plants)
9. Parking
ASCES Tables 4-1 and C4-1 provide minimum uniformly distributed live loads, also known
as basic live loads or unreduced live loads, which are based on the occupancy or use of the
building.
4.6.2 NOMINAL LIVE LOAD

• Live load on a building floor is not uniform, as assumed for design, but consists of
different areas having different loading intensities. Most codes allow a love load
reduction to reflect the fact that members that support large floor areas have a reduced
probability that they will be subjected to full live loading over the entire area supported.
• The area used in a design to compute the total load that must be supported by a structural
member is known as tributary area, AT .

• The influence area, AI on the other hand, is the actual area over which any applied load
would have its effect felt by the member under consideration. No portion of a load
applied outside the influence area would be carried by the member under consideration.
• Live load element factor KLL
refers to the ratio of the
influence area of a member to
its tributary area of that
member. ASCES fig C4-1
illustrates typical influence
areas and tributary areas for a
structure with regular bay.
• Table 4.6.1 adapted from Table 4-2 of the ASCES gives the values of KLL for a variety of
structural members
4.6.3 IMPACT LOADS

• A live load that is suddenly applied often produces a dynamic effect, which is taken into
account approximately, by specifying what is known as impact load.
• Impact loads are equal to the difference between the magnitude of the effect had the load
been statically applied. In buildings, impact loads are to be considered in the design of
hangers supporting floors and balconies, and in the design of supports for elevators,
monorails, and cranes. Such impact loading may result from the sudden stopping of a
downward moving elevator, from the wheels of a traveling overhead crane as they pass
over irregularities such as rail joints, and so on.
4.6.4 PARTIAL LOADING

• A partial live load pattern may create the most critical results (forces, moments,
deflection, etc.) in the element or section under consideration. Section 4.6 of the ASCES
stipulates that the full intensity of the appropriately reduced live load applied only to a
portion of a structure or member shall be considered if it produces a more unfavorable
effect than the same intensity L applied over the full structure or member.
• Thus in many cases, a given structural member must be investigated for various positions
of the live load so not to overlook a potential failure mode.
• For example, partial-length loads on a simple beam or truss will produce higher shear on
a portion of the span than a full length load.
LIVE LOAD REDUCTION EXAMPLE

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