Data Communications
Communication system made up of a combination of
hardware and software
Effectiveness of data communication system depends on:
1. Delivery : The system must deliver data to correct destination.
Data received by the indented user only
2. Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately (no
change).
Data changed & uncorrected is unusable
Data Communications
3. Timeliness: The system must deliver data in timely manner
Data arrived late are useless
In the same order (video and audio) & without delay (Real time
transmission)
4. Jitter: Variation in the packet arrival time (uneven quality in the video is the result)
Data Communications
Networks
Performance
Transit
time: A mount of time required for a
message to travel from one device to another
Response time: Elapsed time between an
inquiry and a response
Networks
Performance
Performance depends on :
1- Number of users: large number slow response time.
2- Type of transmission medium: fiber-optic cabling faster than
others cables.
3- Capabilities of the connected hardware: affect both the
speed and capacity of transmission.
4- Efficiency of the software: process data at the sender and
receiver and intermediate affects network performance.
Networks
Performance
Performance is evaluated by two
contradictory networking metrics:
Throughput (high): a measure of how fast
we can actually send data through a
network
Delay (low)
Networks
Reliability
Reliability is measured by:
1. Frequency of failure
2. Recovery time of a network after a failure
3. Network’s robustness in a catastrophe: protect by good back up
network system
Networks
Security
Protecting data from unauthorized access
Protecting data from damage and development
Implementing policies and procedures for recovery from
breaches and data losses (Recovery plan)
Networks
Physical Structures:
Type of connection
Network: Two or more devices connected through links
Link: Communication pathway that transfers data from one
device to another
Two devices must be connected in some way to the same link at
the same time. Two possible types:
Point-to-Point
Multipoint
The Internet
Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily
lives.
It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time.
Internet is a communication system that has brought a
wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it
for our use
An internet is 2 or more networks that can
communicate with each other
The Internet is a collaboration of more than hundreds
of thousands of interconnected networks
The Internet
An internet (small i) is two or more networks
Notable internet is called the Internet (hundreds of thousands interconnected
networks)
Private individuals + government agencies + school + research facilities +
Corporations + libraries in more than 100 countries
This communication system came in 1969
Mid-1960 (ARPA) Advanced Research Projects Agency in (DOD) was interested to
connect mainframes in research organizations
1967, ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET
Host computer connecting to (IMP) interface message processor.
Each IMP communicate with other IMP
1969, four nodes (universities) connected via IMPs to form a network
Software (NCP) Network Control Protocol provided communication between
the hosts.
1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn invented (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol
Later TCP was split to (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol and (IP) Internetworking
Protocol
Frequency Ranges
The Internet
Internet Today
Made of many LANs and WANs
Every day new networks area added and removed
Internet services Providers (ISPs) also referred as IAP
(internet access provider) offer services to the end users
ISP connects to its customers using a data transmission
technology appropriate for delivering internet protocol packets
or frames, such as dial-up, cable modem, wireless or dedicated
high speed interconnects.
Hierarchy
Internationalservice providers
National service providers
Regional service providers
Local service providers
3 tier ISP’s
The Internet
Hierarchical organization of the Internet
Protocols and
Standards
Protocol:
Set of rules that govern data communications
– An agreement between the
communicating devices
– Devices may be connected but not
communicating (no protocol)
– Arabic speaker with Japanese speaker
Elements of protocol (Syntax, timing)
Standards
De facto Standards -
Not approved by an organized body
but adopted as standards through
widespread use.
De jure Standards -
Approved by an organized body.
Classification of LAN
Peer-to-peer network
Client-server networks
OSI Reference model
Physical
Data link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Quizz
