MACHINE TOOLS AND

MACHINING
Submitted to: Engr. Shahid Farooq
Prepared by: Faisal Maqsood
Enrollment No: 2017-ME-527
 SHAPER MACHINE

Definition:
• The Shaper Machine is a reciprocating type of machine tool basically used to
produce Horizontal, Vertical or Inclined flat surfaces by means of straight-line reciprocating
single-point cutting tools similar to those which is used in lathe operation.
• The flat surface produced may be horizontal, vertical or inclined at an angle.
SHAPER MACHINE:
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
SHAPER MACHINE:
• A shaper machine is working on the following principle:
• A shaper machine holds the Single point cutting tool in ram and workpiece is fixed over the
table.
• The ram holding the tool reciprocates over the workpiece and metal is cut during the forward
stroke called a cutting stroke and
• No metal is cut during its return stroke is called an Idle stroke.
• The feed is given at the end of the cutting stroke.
• Generally, the cutting stroke is carried out at slow speed and the idle stroke is carried at high
speed with the help of quick return mechanism.
 QUICK RETURN MOTION
MECHANISM:
• In the shaper machine, there is another mechanism called Quick return Motion
Mechanism.
So what happens in quick return motion mechanism is,
• In the forward stroke, the Slider moves fast and removing the material from the workpiece.
• Whereas in the return stroke, the Slider moves faster than the forward stroke that means
Quick return, it takes less time to return, called a return stroke
QUICK RETURN MOTION
MECHANISM:
QUICK RETURN MECHANISM’S
ANIMATION VIDEO
PARTS OF A SHAPER MACHINE
WITH FUNCTION:
Base:
• The Base is designed to take the entire load of the machine tool and it is bolted to the
floor of the shop.
• This is made of grey cast iron to resist vibration and to take the compressive load.
Column:
• The column is a Box like casting made up of cast iron and mounted on a base.
• It is provided with accurately machined guideways on the top on which the ram reciprocates.
• The guide ways are also provided on the front vertical face for the movement of cross rail.
The column encloses the ram driving mechanism.
Cross rail:
• The cross rail is mounted on the ground vertical guide ways of the column.
• It consists of two parallel guide ways on its top perpendicular to the ram axis is called as a
saddle to move the table in crosswise direction by means of a feed screw.
• The table can be raised or lowered to accommodate different sizes of the job by rotating
elevating screw which causes the cross rail to slide up and down on the vertical face of
the column.
Saddle:
• It is mounted on the cross rail to hold the table firmly on its top.
• The crosswise movement of the saddle causes the table to move crosswise direction by
rotating the cross feed screw.

Table:
• A table is kind of flat body affixed over the frame to hold the work piece on which shaping
action needs to be performed,
Ram: 
• The Ram is responsible for the reciprocating action of the column sideways. Forward and
backward movement of ram is called a stroke.

Clapper box:
• It is used to carry the shaping tool holder. Clapper box is responsible for the smooth and
hindrance free movement of backward stroke to prevent the damage in the form of wear and
tear.
Tool Head:
• The tool head holds the cutting tool firmly and provides both
vertical and angular movement to the tool with the help of a
down feed screw handle.
• The vertical slide of a tool head consists of a swivel base
which is graduated in degrees. So, the vertical slide can set at
any angle with the work surface.
• The amount of feed or depth of cut may be adjusted by a
micrometer dial on top of the down feed screw.
 TOOL HEAD:
A tool head again consists of:
• Apron
• Clapper box
• clapper block
• Apron consisting of clapper box and tool post is clamped on the vertical slide by the screw.
• The apron Can be swiveled upon the apron swivel pin towards left or right.
• The clapper box houses the clapper block by means of a hinge pin.
• The tool post is mounted on the clapper block.
• During forwarding cutting stroke the clapper block keeps the rigid support to the tool by
fitting securely into clapper box and while returning stroke the tools slide over the work
by lifting, the block out of clapper boxes shown in the figure.
 HOW THE SHAPING TASK IS
PERFORMED OVER THE
OBJECT?
• A Shaping machine’s task is based on the stroke mechanism. Forward stroke performs the
action and backward or return stroke brings back the tool to its original position for the next
forward stroke. The working of a shaping machine is expressed in below points.
• First and foremost task is to place the work piece on the table.
• After that cutting tool is placed in the tool holder mounted on the Ram
• It is time to supply power by starting the motor for performing a reciprocating action.
• In the reciprocating action cutting tool performs the task on work piece and removes the
extra material from the work piece to get the desired shape.
• Here forward stroke performs the shaping action on the work piece by cutting the extra
material and backward stroke or return stroke does not perform cutting action, it is kind of
restoring stroke for the next actionable forward stroke.
 TYPES OF SHAPER MACHINE:
Based on the type of driving mechanism types of shaper
machines.
• Crank type (Example: Quick return Motion Mechanism)
• Geared type shaper
• Hydraulic type

Based on cutting stroke types of shaper machines.

• Push type shaper machine
• Draw type shaper machine
Based on ram travel types of shaper machines.
• Horizontal Shaper
• Vertical Shaper

Based on the table design types of shaper machines.

• Standard or Plain Shaper
• Universal shaper
 STANDARD OR PLAIN SHAPER:
• In this machine, the table has only two motion: crosswise in the horizontal plane and vertical
movement (up and down).
• The table is not provided with a swiveling motion.
 UNIVERSAL SHAPER:
• This machine is similar to plain shaper except that the table can be tilted at a various angle,
making it possible to inclined flat surfaces.
• The table can be swiveled about 360 degrees about a central axis parallel to the cutting
stroke direction and also perpendicular to it, that is, around two horizontal axes.
• The table also has a movement in the horizontal plane and vertical direction (up and down )
as in plain shaper.
Universal Shaping Machine
 OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON
SHAPER MACHINE
• There are 4-types of operations performed in a shaper machine, and those are:
• Horizontal cutting
• Vertical cutting
• Inclined cutting
• Irregular cutting
 HORIZONTAL CUTTING

• Horizontal surfaces are machined by moving the work mounted on the machine table at a
cross direction with respect to the ram movement.
• The clapper box can be set vertical or slightly inclined towards the uncut surface.
• This arrangement enables the tool to lift automatically during the return stroke. The tool will
not drag on the machined surface. 
 VERTICAL CUTTING
• A vertical cut is made while machining the end of a workpiece, squaring up a block or
machining a shoulder.
• The feed is given to the tool by rotating the down feed screw of the vertical slide.
• The table is not moved vertically for this purpose.
• The apron is swiveled away from the vertical surface being machined.
 INCLINED CUTTING
• An angular cut is done at any angle other than a right angle to the horizontal or to the
vertical plane.
• The work is set on the table and the vertical slide of the tooth head is swiveled to the
required angle either towards the left or towards right from the vertical position.
OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON
SHAPER MACHINE
 IRREGULAR CUTTING
• A round nose tool is used for this operation.
• For a shallow cut the apron may be set vertical but if the curve is quite sharp, the apron in
swiveled towards the right or left away from the surface to be cut.
 SPECIFICATION OF SHAPER
MACHINE
The specification of shaper machine depends upon the following:
• The maximum length of stroke ram.
• Types of the drive ( Crank, Gear and Hydraulic type)
• Power input of the machine
• Floor space required to establish the machine
• Weight of the machine in tonne.
• Feed
• Cutting to return stroke ratio.
• Angular movement of the table.
 APPLICATIONS OF SHAPER
MACHINE
• To generate straight and flat surfaces.
• Smooth rough surfaces.
• Make internal splines.
• Make gear teeth.
• To make dovetail slides.
• Make key ways in pullies or gears.
• Machining of die, punches, straight and curved slots.
 ADVANTAGES OF SHAPER
MACHINE
• The single point tool used is inexpensive or we can say low tooling cost.
• The cutting stroke having a definite stopping point.
• The work can be held easily in the shaper machine.
• The set up is very quick and easy and also can be readily changed from one job to another
job.
 DISADVANTAGES OF SHAPER
MACHINE
• By nature, it is a slow machine because of its straight-line forward and returns strokes the
single point cutting tool requires Several strokes to complete a work. (They are slow)
• The cutting speed is not usually very high speeds of reciprocating motion due to high inertia
force developed in the motion of the units and components of the machine.
 PLANER MACHINE

Definition:
• A planer is a machine tool primarily designed to produce
planes and flat surfaces by a single-point cutting tool.
• A planer machine is just like a shaper machine but, it is very
large and massive and it is capable of machining heavy jobs
which can’t be done by the shaper.
PLANER MACHINE
 WORKING PRINCIPLE 

• The working principle of the planer machine is the same as the shaper machine which is a
Quick return motion mechanism.
• While the workpiece moving forward the forward strokes complete and while it moving
back the return stroke complete. In a forward stroke, the material is cut and in backward no
material is cut
 PLANER MACHINE MECHANISM
There is two important planer mechanism:
• Table drive mechanism
• Feeding mechanism
 TABLE DRIVE MECHANISM
The different table drive mechanisms are:
• Open and cross belt drive
• Reversible motor drive
• Hydraulic drive
 PLANER MACHINE MAIN PARTS
A planer machine consists of the following parts:
• BED
• Table or Planten
• Housing or Column
• Cross rail
• Tool head
• Driving and
• Feed Mechanism
PLANER MACHINE PARTS
Bed:
• Bed is a rigid part of the machine on which all the parts are carried. This is very large in
size and heavyweight.

Table:
• It supports the work and reciprocates along with the ways of the bed. The table is made up
of high quality cast iron. Here the table upper surface parts are very fine and accurate
because here we fix the work piece for the planner operation.
Column / Housing:
• The housings is called columns and It is also called uprights and are rigid box-like
vertical structures placed on each side of the bed and fastened to it. Here pulley and gear
are also attached.

Cross rail:
• In cross rail, tool holders are attached where we can fix the tool for operation. It connects
between two housing and also provides supports to the housing.
 TOOL HEAD:
• The planner tool head is similar to that of the shaper in construction and operation.
• Tool heads are mounted on a cross rail by a saddle, which moves crosswise to give
crossfeed. The swivel base is pivoted on the saddles and it is graduated to 60 degrees on
each side, so that which can be tilted at any desired angle for machining angular surfaces by
rotating down feed screw.
• The apron is fixed on the face of the vertical slide which may be swiveled up to 20
degrees on each side for giving the tool clearance while machining vertical surfaces.
• The clipper block is hinged to the clipper box to hold the tool post in which cutting tool is
held firmly.
• The clipper block lifts the tool head upward during return stroke to prevent the cutting
edge of the tool from dragging on the work. The tool heads can be moved up and down by
moving the cross rail up and down.
 HOW IT WORKS:
• Here tool head is in a stationary position and the workpiece is moveable.
• In the tool head section, we fix the single point cutting tool and at the work table, we fix
here workpiece.
• We supply the power, the worktable moves forward and with the help of the cutting tool, it
cut the material and again it returns back that is called return stroke.
• Until or unless you change it, the rotation will go forward and backward stroke.
 TYPES OF PLANER MACHINE

The different types of planer which are most commonly used are:
1.Standard or double housing planer.
2.Open Side planer.
3.Pit planer.
4.Edge or plate palner.
5.Divided or latching table planer.
 STANDARD OR DOUBLE
HOUSING PLANER
• It is most widely used in work shops. It has a long heavy base on which a table reciprocates
on accurate guide ways. It has one draw back. Because of the two housings, one on each side
of the bed, it limits the width of the work that can be machined.
 OPEN SIDE PLANER
• It has a housing only on one side of the base and the cross rail is suspended from the housing
as a cantilever. This feature of the machine allows large and wide jobs to be clamped on the
table. As the single housing has to take up the entire load, it is made extra-massive to resist
the forces. Only three tool heads are mounted on this machine.
 PIT PLANER
• It is massive in construction. It differs from an ordinary planer in that the table is stationary
and the column carrying the cross rail reciprocates on massive horizontal rails mounted on
both sides of the table. This type of planer is suitable for machining a very large work which
cannot be accommodated on a standard planer and the design saves much of floor space.
 EDGE OR PLATE PLANER
• The design of a plate or edge planer is totally unlike that of an ordinary planer. It is
specially intended for squaring and beveling the edges of steel plates used for different
pressure vessels and shipbuilding works.
 DIVIDED TABLE PLANER
• This type of planer has two tables on the bed which may be reciprocated separately or
together. This type of design saves much of idle time while setting the work. To have a
continuous production one of the tables is used for setting up the work and the other is used
for machining. This planer is mainly used for machining identical work pieces. The two
sections of the table may be coupled together for machining long work.
 PLANER MACHINE OPERATIONS
The common operation that can be performed in the planer machine are:
• Planing Flat horizontal surfaces
• Planing Flat vertical surfaces
• Planing angular surfaces and machining dovetails
• Planing curved surfaces
• Planing slots and grooves
 PLANER MACHINE
SPECIFICATIONS
A Planer may be specified by the following dimensions:
• Distance between two housings
• Height from top of the table to the cross rail in its upmost position.
• The maximum length of table travel

The open size planer is specified by the largest job that can be machined on its table.
In addition to these basic dimensions, other particulars
are:

• Number of feeds available

• Number of speeds available
• Length of bed.
• Length of table
• Power input
• Floor space required
• Method of a driving table, geared or hydraulic
• Net weight of the machine
 APPLICATIONS OF PLANNER
MACHINE
These are the applications of Planer Machine:
• Planer machine used for providing flat surfaces on the workpiece
• It is also used for cutting angular surfaces
 ADVANTAGES OF PLANER
MACHINE
There are some advantages of Planer Machine and those are:
• Greater accuracy
• Good surface finish
• The major advantages are at a time more than one tool can perform on the work piece
• Low maintenance requires comparatively other machine tools
 DISADVANTAGES OF PLANER
MACHINE 
These are some disadvantages of Planer Machine:
• The machine price is high
• The power consumption is quite more
• Skilled worker required
• Only tool single point is used. We can not use other than a single-point cutting tool.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SHAPER
AND PLANNER MACHINE
THANK YOU