Basics of Solar PV System 1

SHS (Solar Home System)

 SHS is Small, independent DC system
 Most efficient and economical system
 DC Fluorescent Lights are not easily available in local market

PV Panel
(50W)

Controller
(10A)
Fluorescent light
(12V DC 20W)
Compact Fluorescent light
(12V DC 11W)
Switch

Battery
(100Ah)

B/W TV Radio/Cassette player

(12V DC 15W) (12V DC 5W)
 Basics of Solar PV System 2

SHS (AC)
 AC system is convenient for users because of easy availability of appliances
 Less efficient and higher cost than DC system

PV Panel
(100W) Inverter
( 12V DC  220V AC, 150W)

Controller
(10A)
Fluorescent light
(220V AC 20W)
Compact Fluorescent light
(220V AC 11W)
Switch

Battery
(100Ah)

B/W TV Radio/Cassette player

(220V AC 30W) (220V AC 5W)
 Basics of Solar PV System 3

BCS (Battery Charging Station)

 Users share PV modules

 One station can charge one battery in a day.
 Users have to carry heavy batteries to the BCS.
– Heavy labor for women and children
 Available power per day is smaller than SHS
 Short battery life compare to SHS
– Batteries are easily over discharged at user’s houses
– Long term cost is higher than SHS

PV Array (300Wp)

Battery (70Ah)
 Basics of Solar PV System 4

Charging schedule

Max. Number of Users are limited by Charging Interval + Spare day

Ex. Charging once / 7 days + 2 spare day = 5 users
Ex. Charging once / 10 days + 1 spare day = 9 users
Available power / day becomes less if charging interval is increased
Charged power = 64 Ah (300Wp BCS, (300Wp x 0.8 x 4h / 12V ) x 0.8 = 64Ah)
Available power/day = 64 Ah / 7 days = 9.1 Ah ( 2 light for 6.0 hour per day)
Available power/day = 64 Ah / 10 days = 6.4 Ah ( 2 light for 4.5 hour per day)

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Charging schedule

A B Spare C D E Spare

Cloudy day Cloudy day

Schedule shift to
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
spare days
A B B C D E D
 Basics of Solar PV System 5

Cost and Power of BCS

No. of users Cost per user Power per user Cost per Power
No. of PV (Peak hours=4)

50Wp 10.7Ah

SHS = $ 1.00 1.00 (1.00)

150Wp
32Ah / 7 = 4.5Ah

= $ 1.10 0.42 (2.62)

(Charging interval : 7 days)
32Ah / 7 = 4.5Ah

= $ 0.55 0.42 (1.31)

(Charging interval : 7 days)

300Wp
BCS 64Ah / 7 = 9.1Ah

= $ 1.10 0.85 (1.29)

(Charging interval : 7 days)
300Wp
64Ah / 10 = 6.4Ah

= $ 0.66 0.60 (1.10)

(Charging interval : 10 days)
 Basics of Solar PV System 6

Mini Centralized System (~ 5kW)

Solar Energy Control of Charging

(Charge Controller) Converting DC to AC
(DC-AC Inverter)
Power Generation Load
(PV Array) (Lights, Radio, TV, etc.)
48V DC~ 96V DC

220V AC

Inexpensive system
Limited power consumption
Storage of Electricity
(Battery)
 Basics of Solar PV System 7

Centralized System (10kW ~)

Control of Charging Converting DC to AC

(Charge Controller) (DC-AC Inverter)
Solar Energy

Power Generation Load

(PV Array) (Lights, Radio, TV, etc.)

120V DC
~ 300V DC

220V AC

Storage of Electricity
(Battery)
Expensive system
High quality electricity
 Basics of Solar PV System 8

Available Power
for Quick calculation only
Inverter efficiency
4kWh/m2 per day
( 4 peak sun hours ) 90%
Power demand per Household
270Wh ~ 380Wh/day
10kWp

80%

Line efficiency
Output 90%
efficiency
10kWp x 4h = 40.0kWh Charging efficiency
20kWh / 270Wh = 74HH
PV : x 80% = 32.0kWh 20kWh / 380Wh = 52HH
Battery : x 80% = 25.6kWh 80%
Inverter: x 90% = 23.0kWh
Lines : x 90% = 20.7kWh 10kWp PV system can produce 20kWh
10kWp PV system can supply 52HH ~ 74HH
10kWp x 4h x 50% = 20kWh
= 10kWp x 2h = 20kWh
 Basics of Solar PV System 9

Peak Load and Daily Power Consumption

 Peak Load is a maximum load power (W) Peak Load does not mean
Power Consumption
 Limited by Inverter Capacity
 Daily Power Consumption is a total energy that is consumed in one day (Wh)
 Limited by PV array capacity (Daily Power Generation)

Power Generation > Power Consumption

16.0 16.0

14.0
Daily Power Consumption = 79 kWh 14.0

12.0 12.0
Peak load = 10 kW
Load (kW)

10.0 10.0

8.0 8.0

6.0 6.0

4.0 4.0

2.0 2.0

0.0 0.0
00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00
Time
 Basics of Solar PV System 10

Available Power

 Installed Capacity does NOT mean available power

 Available no. of households are limited by
Peak Load for Non-battery system (Diesel and Micro-Hydro)
 Available no. of households are limited by
both Peak Load and Daily Consumption for Battery-based system
(Solar PV and Wind)

(a) (b) (c) (d) a x b x c (x d) Available households

Duration of by Daily
Type of Power Installed Performance Power Available power at Peak load
energy consumption Maximum
Source Capacity Ratio Factor (kWh) (50W/hh)
source (h) (380Wh/hh)
Diesel Generator 10 kVA 5 0.8 0.7 28.0 73 140 140
Micro-Hydro 10 kVA 24 0.5 0.7 84.0 221 140 140
Solar PV * 10 kWp 4 0.5 0.7 20.0 52 140 52
Wind * 10 kW 24 0.2 0.7 48.0 126 140 126
*: with 10kVA inverter