Lecture 04 – Part A
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
Dr. Shazzad Hosain
Department of EECS
North South Universtiy
[email protected]
Knowledge Representation & Reasoning
Introduction
How can we formalize our knowledge about the world so
that:
We can reason about it?
We can do sound inference?
We can prove things?
We can plan actions?
We can understand and explain things?
Knowledge Representation & Reasoning
Introduction
Objectives of knowledge representation and reasoning
are:
form representations of the world.
use a process of inference to derive new representations
about the world.
use these new representations to deduce what to do.
Knowledge Representation & Reasoning
Introduction
Some definitions:
Knowledge base: set of sentences. Each sentence is expressed
in a language called a knowledge representation language.
Sentence: a sentence represents some assertion about the
world.
Inference: Process of deriving new sentences from old ones.
Knowledge Representation & Reasoning
Introduction
Declarative vs procedural approach:
Declarative approach is an approach to system building
that consists in expressing the knowledge of the environment
in the form of sentences using a representation language.
Procedural approach encodes desired behaviors directly as
a program code.
Knoweldge Representation & Reasoning
Example: Wumpus world
THE WUMPUS
Knoweldge Representation &
Reasoning
Environment
Squares adjacent to wumpus are
smelly.
Squares adjacent to pit are
breezy.
Glitter if and only if gold is in
the same square.
Shooting kills the wumpus if
you are facing it.
Shooting uses up the only
arrow.
Goals: Get gold back to the start Grabbing picks up the gold if in
without entering in pit or wumpus the same square.
square. Releasing drops the gold in the
Percepts: Breeze, Glitter, Smell. same square.
Actions: Left turn, Right turn, Forward,
Grab, Release, Shoot.
Knoweldge Representation &
Reasoning
The Wumpus world
Is the world deterministic?
Yes: outcomes are exactly specified.
Is the world fully accessible?
No: only local perception of square you are in.
Is the world static?
Yes: Wumpus and Pits do not move.
Is the world discrete?
Yes.
Exploring a wumpus world
Exploring a wumpus world
Exploring a wumpus world
If the Wumpus were
here, stench should be
here. Therefore it is
here.
Since, there is no breeze
here, the pit must be
there
Exploring a wumpus world
Knoweldge Representation & Reasoning
Fundamental property of logical reasoning:
In each case where the a conclusion is drawn from the
available information, that conclusion is guaranteed to
be correct if the available information is correct.
Knoweldge Representation &
Reasoning
Fundamental concepts of logical representation
Knoweldge Representation &
Reasoning
Fundamental concepts of logical representation
• Logics are formal languages for representing information
such that conclusions can be drawn.
• Each sentence is defined by a syntax and a semantic.
• Syntax defines the sentences in the language. It specifies
well formed sentences.
• Semantics define the ``meaning'' of sentences;
i.e., in logic it defines the truth of a sentence in a
possible world.
Knoweldge Representation & Reasoning
Fundamental concepts of logical representation
• For example, the language of arithmetic
x + 2 y is a sentence.
x+y> is not a sentence.
x + 2 y is true iff the number x+2 is not less
than the number y.
x + 2 y is true in a world where x = 7, y =1.
x + 2 y is false in a world where x = 0, y= 6.
Knoweldge Representation & Reasoning
Fundamental concepts of logical representation
• Model: This word is used instead of “possible world” for
sake of precision.
m is a model of a sentence α
means α is true in model m
Definition: A model is a mathematical abstraction that
simply fixes the truth or falsehood of every relevant
sentence.
Knoweldge Representation & Reasoning
• Fundamental concepts of logical representation
m is a model of a sentence α
means α is true in model m
Example: x number of men and y number of women sitting at
a table playing bridge.
x+ y = 4 is a sentence which is true
when the total number is four.
Model : possible assignment of numbers to the variables x
and y. Each assignment fixes the truth of any sentence
whose variables are x and y.
Model for x+y=4: (x, y) = {(0,4),(4,0),(3,1),(1,3),(2,2)}
Knoweldge Representation & Reasoning
Fundamental concepts of logical representation
Entailment: Logical reasoning requires the relation of
logical entailment between sentences: « a sentence follows
logically from another sentence ».
Mathematical notation: α╞ β
(α entails the sentenceβ)
Formal definition: α╞ β if and only if in every model in
which α is true, β is also true. (truth of β is contained in the
truth of α).
Entailment
Fundamental concepts of logical representation
Entail Sentences
Sentences
Logical
KB
Representation
Semantics
Semantics
Follows
World Facts Facts
Logical reasoning should ensure that the new configurations
represent aspects of the world that actually follow from the
aspects that the old configurations represent.
Knoweldge Representation & Reasoning
Fundamental concepts of logical representation
Model cheking: Enumerates all possible models to check that α
is true in all models in which KB is true.
Mathematical notation: KBi α
The notation says:
α is derived from KB by i
or i derives α from KB.
i is an inference algorithm.
Knoweldge Representation & Reasoning
Fundamental concepts of logical representation
An inference procedure can do two things:
Given KB, generate new sentence purported to be entailed by KB.
Given KB and , report whether or not is entailed by KB.
Sound or truth preserving: inference algorithm that derives only entailed
sentences.
Completeness: an inference algorithm is complete, if it can derive any
sentence that is entailed.
Knoweldge Representation & Reasoning
Explaining more Soundness and completeness
Soundness: if the system proves that something is true, then it is
really true. The system doesn’t derive contradictions
Completeness: if something is really true, it can be proven using
the system. The system can be used to derive all the true
mathematical statements one by one
