GRAM++ GIS SUITE
P. Venkatachalam and B. Krishna
Mohan
C.S.R.E., I.I.T. Bombay
GRAM GIS
• Evolved from the experience gained in NRDMS project in spatial
data handling CSRE, IIT, Bombay developed a PC based GIS package
GRAM (Geo Referenced Area Management) working in MS-DOS
platform
•Several research organizations, government departments, academic
institutes and district computer centres used the package
• A number of students used GRAM for their research work
•Taking into view, the good response and feed back received from
users, and also the latest development in the field of computer
hardware and software, it was decided to build GRAM-GIS for
Windows.
•The project is supported by UNDP, New Delhi and Department of
Science and Technology, Govt. of India.
GRAM++ Design
• A study was carried on some of the PC based GIS
packages. The study highlighted the strengths of packages
in terms of
– System Requirements
– User Interface
– Functional Capabilities
– Tutorials and Training
•Results of this study, existing GRAM functionality, user
feed back and some GIS publications were used for
designing GRAM++ specifications.
•Discussions were held with SOI and other institutes while
designing the vector data structure
GRAM++ for Windows
• GRAM++ works on Windows 95 / 98 / 2000 and NT.
• Object Oriented Approach is adopted while building the
package
• Visual C++ 6.0 Compiler is used for coding
System Requirement
Pentium P-II or better processor
32 MB memory (64 MB or higher recommended)
2.1 GB or higher capacity hard disk
1.44 MB floppy drive
High resolution colour monitor with VGA card to display
256 colours or more in 1024x768 or higher resolution
Windows 95/98 or Windows NT 4.0 / 2000 operating system
MS Access to handle attribute data
GRAM++ Interface
Input/Output Module
• Imports data from other GIS formats :
– AutoDesk DXF
– Survey of India DVD
– ESRI ArcInfo UNGEN
– GRAM for DOS
– ESRI GRID
– RAW image
• Exports data to other GIS formats
– AutoDesk DXF
– ESRI ArcInfo UNGEN
– ESRI GRID
– RAW image
Input/Output Module – Data imported from
Survey of India DVD format
Input/Output Module - GeoTrans
• Allows georegistration between maps
– Vector-Vector
– Vector-Raster
– Raster-Raster
GeoTrans – Vector to Vector
GeoTrans – Vector to Vector – Result
GeoTrans – Vector to Raster
GeoTrans – Vector to Vector – Result
MapEdit
• On-screen digitization of maps
• Registering a map and scanned image to ground and
geographic coordinates
• Storage of multiple layers in a single vector file
• Automated cleaning and topology creation
• Creation of a table for each layer
• Creation of raster maps from each layer, based on the
value of any attribute in the associated database
– Options for different data types, data creation modes and
resolutions
MapEdit - Digitization
MapEdit - Cleaning
Before After
MapEdit – Rasterize and Create Table
Vector Analysis
• Links spatial data with nonspatial attributes
• Click on a map element and see its record
• Show elements and records matching an SQL
query
– Query can be built in an interactive “Query Builder”
• Produce thematic maps and statistical plots
• Create new fields using operations on existing
attributes
Vector Analysis – Info Tool
Vector Analysis – Query
Vector Analysis – Thematic Map
Vector Analysis – Pie Chart
Raster Analysis
• Collection of utilities for raster operations
• “Map Algebra” – Perform arithmetic, relational and logical
operations on raster maps
• Overlay – Overlay maps to generate a new map and a
cross-table
• Buffering – Generate buffers around selected features
• Regroup
• Zonal, local and focal operators
• Watershed delineation
• Proximity mapping
Raster Analysis – Map Algebra
Raster Analysis - Unconditional Overlay
Raster Analysis - Buffering
Input Map
Generated Buffers
Watershed Delineation
• Accepts a Digital Elevation Map as input
• Generates the drainage network by calculating
– Depressionless DEM
– Flow Direction
– Flow Accumulation
– Thresholding on a user-specified value
– Identifying the pour-points (junction points and end points)
• Calculates stream orders and flow ordering
• Delineates the watershed and sub-basins for a selected
pour-point
Watershed Delineation
• Creates tables for
– Watershed parameters – Area, slope, slope length,
overlength slope, width, height and centroid
– Stream order
– Flow (Flow-from and Flow-to for each stream)
• Optionally
– Attaches weather stations to each watershed (nearest to
the centroid)
– Overlays landuse and soil maps if available, creating
additional cross-table in the watershed database
Watershed Delineation
Watershed Tables
Watershed Parameters
Pour-points and stream order
Flow
Image Processing
• Performs common image processing operations on remote sensing digital data, including
:
• Preprocessing
– Band Separation
– Windowing
– Mosaicing
– Data type conversion
• Enhancements
– Contrast
– Edge operators
• Prewitts
• Laplace
• Sobels
– Histogram Equalization
– Negative
– Density Slicing
– Bias and Scale
Image Processing
• Transformations
– Principal Component
– RGB to HSI
– HSI to RGB
– Arithmetic
• Classification
– Supervised
– Unsupervised (K-Means clustering)
• Display
– FCC
– Greyscale
– Histogram
Image Processing – Edge Detection
Image Processing – False Color
Composite
Red Source Green Source Blue Source
False Color Composite
Terrain
• Obtain a DTM by spatial interpolation and
manipulate it
• For raster and vector data
• Raster
– Spatial interpolation by
• Inverse Square Distance
• Cressman
– Calculation of slope, aspect and relief
– Visibility analysis
– Profiling
Terrain
• Vector (TIN)
– Triangulation
– Interpolation of intermediate contours
– Calculation of slope, aspect and relief
– Visibility analysis
Terrain - Interpolation
Contours Interpolated
DTM
Terrain - TIN
Input Vertices
TIN
Interpolated Contours
Terrain – Point Interpolation
Vector Layout
• Layout and prepare a vector map for final presentation and printing
• Multi-layer display
• Solid color or pattern fill for polygons
• Line styles and symbols
• Lat-Long grid
• Display and save at any scale
• Layout elements
– Legend
– Title
– Scale bar
– North Arrow
– Annotation
• Ability to save the prepared map as
– PostScript
– Bitmap (Windows BMP)
Vector Layout
Thematic Layer
Multi-Layer Display
Raster Layout
• Visualization of raster maps through
various views
– 2D view with graded colors or predefined
palettes
– Shaded relief view
– 3D perspective view with the ability to drape
another raster map
• Several integrated raster utilities
Raster Layout
3D Perspective View
Shaded Relief
Graded Colors
Online Help
Modules Help for a menu
command
Support Facilities
• On line help provided at each step
• User Manual with step-by-step procedures
• Sample data sets for each module to
demonstrate every function
• GRAM++ Tutor built to illustrate with
examples the functionality of each module
GRAM++ Viewer
M. Farooq Mulla, Amit Kotwal, Dr.B.K.Mohan and
Dr.(Mrs)P.Venkatachalam
C.S.R.E., I.I.T. Bombay
What is GRAM++ Viewer?
• A standalone tool for viewing and query of
GRAM++ maps
• Simple and user-friendly
• A tool for decision makers
• Not full GIS system
Why GRAM++ Viewer ?
• GIS software tends to be complex
• Most users do not need its full functionality
• Technical knowledge becomes the limitation to use of GIS
• A simple GIS tool can help in decision making, and also in
popularizing GIS
• GRAM++ Viewer is such a tool for the GRAM++ GIS
GRAM++ Viewer Capabilities
• Decision Support
• Cartographic Operations
Decision Support capabilities
• Spatial selection – click on an element and see its data
– View a map for the selected element only
• Database view and selection – click on a record and see the map element
• Query – see elements matching a query
– Save queries and query results
– Execute saved queries
• Thematic mapping
– Equal ranges
– User-defined ranges
• Statistical maps (in progress)
– Pie
– Bar
– Graduated circles
Cartographic capabilities
• Select/Display any layer(s) of a map
• Display layers in various modes
– Polygon
• Boundary
• Solid color fill
• Pattern fill
– Lines
• Width
• Style
– Points
• Symbol
• Size
• Zoom and pan
• Display at a particular scale
• Cartographic elements – scale bar, north arrow, legends, map title, text
templates, lat-long grid (in progress)
Map Layout (Single Layer)
Map Layout (Multi Layer)
Viewing record by selecting a region :
View Child Map :
Query formation :
Query Result :
Perform Equal Range Based Thematic
Mapping :
Equal Range Based Mapping Result:
Perform User Defined Range Based
Thematic Mapping :
User-defined Ranges Result :
VECVIEWER OVERVIEW
GENERIC MULTIMEDIA GIS TUTOR
AROUND GRAM++
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
•A CD-ROM BASED SELF-LEARNING
GENERIC GIS TUTOR
•SHOULD PROVIDE ALL THE BASIC
CONCEPTS OF GIS AND APPLICATIONS
STRUCTURE OF THE GIS TUTOR
•GIS CONCEPTS
•GIS DEMONSTRATIONS
•APPLICATION STUDIES
•GLOSSARY
•BIBLIOGRAPHY
•EXERCISES
•QUIZZES
GIS CONCEPTS
•GIS INTRODUCTION
•GIS COMPONENTS
•DATA MODELS AND STRUCTURES
•VECTOR ANALYSIS
•SPATIAL AND ATTRIBUTE QUERY
•RASTER ANALYSIS
•IMAGE PROCESSING
•MAP LAYOUT
GIS DEMONSTRATIONS (ANIMATIONS)
•DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
•SPATIAL QUERY
•BUFFERING
•WATERSHED ANALYSIS
•ATTRIBUTE QUERY
•NETWORK ANALYSIS
APPLICATION STUDIES
•WATER RESOURCES
•ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
•CHANGE DETECTION
GLOSSARY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
•A-Z OF GIS RELATED TERMS
•EXHAUSTIVE COLLECTION OF GIS BOOKS
•JOURNALS
•WEBSITES
GIS EXERCISES
•CREATION OF VECTOR FILES AND LAYERS
•DIGITIZATION OF MAPS
•VECTOR QUERY
•IMAGE PROCESSING
•RASTER ANALYSIS
•MAP COMPOSITION
QUIZZES
•MULTIPLE CHOICE
•TRUE/FALSE
•CORRECT ANSWERS
GIS TUTOR STRUCTURE
GRAM++ MAPPING
COMPONENTS
AND
CUSTOMIZED PACKAGES
CUSTOMIZED PACKAGES
• GRAM++ Data Preparation Tool
- Input/Output
- Map Edit
- Vector Layout
• Map Edit Lite
Facility to update point, segment, polygon layers,
re-registration, topology building and data base
creation
• Raster Analysis Kit
- Input/output
- Geotrans
- Image Processing
Vec Viewer
View
•Can view the layers of a vec file. Has options for changing the
colour, style etc.
Query
•Using the MDB file linked with a vec layer, simple query can be
performed (Single Table – Multiple conditions)
•Advanced Query can be performed
(Multiple Table – Multiple Conditions)
•Query can be saved and modified
Thematic Operations
•Selecting an attribute from Table, thematic map can be
generated giving number of classes or user defined ranges
•Generation of thematic map using SQL based query
Graphical Operations
•Maps with pie chart/bar chart/graduated circle can be generated
•Spatial Queries can be performed on
selected region (Rectangle/Circle)
•Alternate data base can be used for spatial
query choosing a primary key link
•Option for editing and perform operations
on table
•Info tool option for viewing the data of
selected record
•Selection of field from table and placing as
label on the map
GRAM++ TOOLS
• A set of Mapping software components that helps
to write customised GIS applications
• Runs on Windows 95, 98, NT or higher
Vector Functions Available
• Display a map with map layers
• Pan and zoom
• Select features with a SQL expression
• Select features by user defined shape
• Query and update attribute data associated with
selected features
• Classify features into categories or classes based
on numeric attribute values.
• Vector controls run on. GEO files
Raster Functions Available
• Image Processing Operations
• Map Algebra
• Regrouping
• Raster Controls run on RAS files.
GRAM++ Tools has following objects
Vector Analysis Objects
• Map control
• Selection Renderer
• Query Renderer
• Class Renderer
• Spatial Renderer
Raster Analysis Objects
• GRAMIP
• ImageProcess
• MapAlgebra
• Regroup
• PCT
• GrasterMap
GRAM++ DEPLOYMENT
•SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN PUNJAB
•DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL RESOURCE PROFILE FOR
PATIALA DISTRICT (VILLAGE-WISE)
•RESOURCE LAYERS
•NON-SPATIAL DATABASES – SOCIO-ECONOMIC,
CENSUS, INFRASTRUCTURE, GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
TO FARMERS
GRAM++ DEPLOYMENT
•RURAL LAND INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR VILLAGE
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
•GENERATION OF VILLAGEWISE LAND INFORMATION
SYSTEM
•LANDUSE, WATER RESOURCES, TOPOGRAPHY,
INFRASTRUCTURE, EDUCATION AND HEALTH
•ATTRIBUTE DATA SETS ATTACHED AT BLOCK
LEVEL
•HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ARE DERIVED
FROM SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC,
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL INDICES
•SUPPORTED BY RRL, BHOPAL
GRAM++ DEPLOYMENT
•GRAM DRISHTI
•A CUSTOMIZED GIS APPLICATION FOR DEPLOYMENT
AT THE DISTRICT AND BLOCK LEVEL
•BASE DATA PROVIDED FOR DISTRICT PLANNING
OFFICERS WITH PROVISION TO ADD NEW DATA SETS
•GROUPS OF VILLAGES CAN BE GROUPED INTO
CLUSTERS
•VISUALIZATION OF FACILITIES THROUGH ICONS
•SPATIAL PROFILE OF ALL DISTRICTS OF M.P. AT
BLOCK LEVEL
•ROADS, RAILWAYS, CANALS, DRAINAGE
•PACKAGE ALREADY DISTRIBUTED TO ALL DISTRICTS
•SUPPORTED BY GOVERNMENT OF M.P.
TRAINING ON GRAM++
•12 COURSES CONDUCTED AT CSRE-IITB, ISI-CAL, STI-HYD
•SEVERAL SPECIAL LECTURES, ONE-DAY LECTURE-CUM-
DEMOS AT OTHER INSTITUTIONS
•OFFERED PG LEVEL COURSE ON GIS AT KRESIT-IITB AND
TRAINED B.Tech./M.Tech./Ph.D. STUDENTS
•TRAINED OVER A HUNDRED STUDENTS FROM COLLEGES
OF BOMBAY UNIVERSITY, UTKAL UNIVERSITY, KERALA,
KARAD…
•INTEREST EXPRESSED ON RECEIVING TRAINING ON GIS
AROUND GRAM++ BY SCIENTISTS FROM SOUTH-EAST
ASIAN COUNTRIES (PHILIPPINES, THAILAND, TAIWAN,
SINGAPORE…)
•ENCOURAGEMENT RECEIVED FROM INTERNATIONAL
EXPERTS
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
•EXTENSIONS TO GRAM++
•CREATION OF A GEO-GATEWAY TO SUPPORT DATA
SHARING ACROSS A LARGE NUMBER OF GIS DATA
FORMATS TO STRENGTHEN INTEROPERABILITY
•INDIAN LANGUAGE SUPPORT
•MULTILAYER ANALYSIS IN VECTOR DOMAIN
•MULTIRESOLUTION SPATIAL DATA STORAGE AND
ANALYSIS
•IMPROVEMENTS TO HARD/SOFT VISUALIZATION
•ADDITION OF DATUMS AND MAP PROJECTIONS
• DEVELOPMENT OF OPENSOURCE LINUX VERSION
•BUILD DISTANCE EDUCATION CONTENT AROUND
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
•INFORMATION EXTRACTION FROM HIGH RESOLUTION
REMOTELY SENSED IMAGES
•BUILD / UPDATE GIS DATA LAYERS BY ANALYSIS OF
REMOTELY SENSED IMAGES
•IKONOS, QUICKBIRD, ORBVIEW (FROM ABROAD)
•CARTOSAT, RESOURCESAT (FROM INDIA)
•SUPPORT FOR INTERNET, MOBILE GIS FOR QUERY,
NAVIGATION, MAP UPDATION
•INTEGRATION OF GPS (RINEX FORMAT) WITH GRAM++
•INTELLIGENT INTERFACES (TOUCH SCREENS)
•SECURITY (FINGER PRINT, DIGITAL SIGNATURE)
•PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT – DISTRIBUTED COMP.
