10TH CLASS

MATHE MATICS
SETS
సమితులు
 Number of
Districts in
Andhra
Students in Pradesh
class room

Number of
mangoes in
the box
Below 20 Below 20 even numbers
prime numbers
 Collection of object of a particular kind
such as, students in class room, in the
districts of state, a pack of fruits etc.

In mathematics of natural numbers,

prime numbers etc.
 Sets

 Sets
 Representation of Sets
 Types of Sets
 Venn diagrams
 Operations of Sets
 Problems solving in Sets
 History of Sets

The theory of Sets was

developed by German
Mathematician
Georg canter
(1845-1918).
 A Set is a well defined Collection
of objects.

సునిర్వచిత వస్తు వుల సముదాయాన్ని సమితి అంటారు.

 Elements of a set are synonymous terms

 Sets are usually denoted by Capital letters
 Elements of a set are represented by small letters
 Representation of Sets

There are two ways to Represent Sets

1. Roster form or Tabular form

2. Set-builder form
 Roster form or Tabular form
రోస్టర్ రూపం లేదా జాబితా రూపం

In roster form, all the elements of set are

listed, the elements are being separated
by commas and enclosed within braces
{ }

For ex. Set of 1,2,3,4,5

= { 1,2,3,4,5 }
 Set builder form
సమితి నిర్మాణ రూపం

In Set builder from, all the elements of a

set possess a single common property which
is not possessed by an element out side the
set.

e.g. : Set of Natural Number less than 6

A = {x : x is a natural number, x˂6}

 Example of Sets in Maths

N : the set of all Natural Numbers

Z : the set of all integers
Q : the set of all rational numbers
R : the set of all real numbers
Z⁺ : the set of positive integers
Q⁺ : the set of positive rational numbers
R⁺ : the set of positive real numbers
 Types of Sets

 Empty set శూన్య సమితి

 Singleton set ఏకమూలక సమితి
 Finite & Infinite sets పరిమిత& అపరిమితసమితులు

 Equal sets సమ సమితులు

 Sub sets ఉప సమితులు
 Universal set విశ్వ సమితి
 The Empty set

A set which doesn’t contains any element

is called the Empty set or null set or void
set

e.g. : A= {x : x is natural number, 2˂x ˂3}

A ={ }, φ
 Singleton set
Singleton set is a set which contains
only one element

e.g. : A= {2}
The number of natural satellites on Earth= {1}
Number of female Prime Ministers of India= {1}
 Finite and Infinite sets
A set which is empty or consist of
a define numbers of elements is called Finite
set other wise , the set is called Infinite set

For e.g. : A={1,2,3,4}

The number of days in a week
Infinite A= {1,2,3,4,.........}
The number of stars in the sky
 Equal sets
Given two sets A and B are said to be
equal if they have exactly the same element
and write A=B

Let A={1,2,3,4}
B={2,3,1,4}
A=B
 Sub set
A set ‘P’ is said to be a sub set of set Q if
every element of set P is the element of set
e.g. :
Q

PСQ P
 Universal Set
Universal set is which contains all object,
including it set.
it is a set of all sets, symbol is ‘U’ (or) μ

Ex : The set of real numbers would be the

. universal set of all other sets of
number
 Venn Diagram
A Venn diagram or set diagram is
diagram. That shows all possible logical
relations between a finite collection of
sets.
Venn diagram were conceived
around 1880 by john venn.
 Venn Diagram
Universal is represented usually by
rectangles and subsets by circles
 Illustration of Venn Diagrams
u
0
A 3

5 2 2
1 4
7
8 6

in the figure above

U= {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} is universal set
A = { 1,2,5,7 } is A set contained in universal set
 Venn Diagrams
 Union of sets
 Inter section of sets
 Difference of sets
 Disjoint sets
 Venn Diagrams
 Union of sets
 Venn Diagrams
Inter section of sets
 Venn Diagrams
Difference of sets : A-B
 Venn Diagrams
Disjoint sets :
A
B

AUB

A⋂ B = φ
WRITE THE FOLLOWING SETS IN ROSTER FORM :
1)B= {x:x is a natural number smaller than 6}
B={1, 2, 3 ,4, 5}
2) E= {x:x is an alphabet in CORONA }
E = {C, O, R, N, A}
WRITE THE FOLLOWING SETS IN SETBUILDLER FORM:
1) A= {3,6,9,12}
A= {x:x is multiple of 3 and less than 13}
2) D={1,4,9,16,25,............,100}
D={ x:x is a square of a natural number, x ≤ 10}
1) If A={1,2,3,4} and B ={2,4,6,8} find AUB

sol: AUB = {1,2,3,4} U {2,4,6,8}

= {1,2,3,4,2, 4,6,8}

= {1,2,3,4,6,8}

AUB= {1,2,3,4,6,8}
2.If A={1,2,3,4} and B={1,2,3,5,6} then find
A⋂B and B⋂A are equal ?
Sol: A⋂B ={1,2,3,4} ⋂ {1,2,3,5,6}
. = {1,2,3}
B⋂A= {1,2,3,5,6} ⋂ {1,2,3,4}
= {1,2,3}

A⋂ B = B ⋂ A
3)If A={2,4,6,8,10} and B={3,6,8,12,15}
find A-B and B-A
Sol : A-B= {2,4,6,8,10} - {3,6,8,12,15}
={2,4,10}
B-A= {3,6,8,12,15}- {2,4,6,8,10}
= {3,12,15}

A-B ≠ B-A
4)If A={x:x is a natural number} ,
B={x:x is an even number},
C={x:x is an odd number},
D={x:x is a prime number}
find the AUB, B⋂C, C-D
A= {1,2,3,4,5,.......}
B= {2,4,6,8,10,......}
C = {1,3,5,7,9,.......}
D = {2,3,5,7,11,.....}
AUB= {1,2,3,4,5,.......} U{2,4,6,8,10,......}
={1,2,3,4,5,6,.......}

B⋂C= {2,4,6,8,10,......} ⋂ {1,3,5,7,9,.......}

={ }=Ф
C-D = {1,3,5,7,9,.......} - {2,3,5,7,11,.....}
= {1,9,15,21,.......}
5)Find the all subsets of {x,y,z}
No. Of Sub sets =2ⁿ
= 2ᶾ
=8
All Sub sets ={x}, {y}, {z}
{x,y}, {x,z}, {y,z}
{x,y,z}, { }
1) A= {2,3,5,7,9} ,B= {3,4,6} find the n(A-
B)?
2) Write the all sub sets of {1,4,9}
3) A={x:x²=4 and 5x+2=12} is an empty
set or singleton set?
4)Write two examples to prove that if A c
B then AUB= B , and A⋂B =A
5) If A= {x:x= n²+3, n∈N and n≤4} and
B={x:x=4n , n∈N, 1≤n≤5} then find AUB and
A⋂B by using venn diagram
POLYNOMIALS
బహుపదులు
 What is a polynomial
• A polynomial an expression made with
constants, variables and exponents, which
are combined using addition, subs traction
and multiplication but not division.

The exponents can only be 0,1,2,3,.......etc

Exponents – 0,1,2,3...

5xy²-3x+7yᶾ- 4 3xy⁻²
1/xᶾ
1/y-1
terms √3xᶾ
A Polynomial not a polynomial
 On the basis of degree
1] Constant polynomial - polynomial having
degree-0 e.g.: 2, -5, 8 ,9
2] Linear polynomial - polynomial having
degree -1 e.g.: x+5, 7y-3
3]Quadratic polynomial -polynomial having
degree-2 e.g.: 3x²+5x-8
4] Cubic polynomial -polynomial having
degree -3 e.g.: 4xᶾ-2x²+7x-5
 Zeros of polynomial
A real number ‘α’ is a zero of a
polynomial f(x), if f(α)=0
e.g. : f(x) = xᶾ-6x²+11x-6
f(2)=(2)ᶾ-6(2) ²+11(2)-6
=0
hence 2 is a zero of f(x)
Number of zeros of the polynomial
The number of zeros of the polynomial is
the degree of the polynomial therefore
a Linear polynomial has one zero ,
a quadratic polynomial has 2 zeros and
a cubic polynomial has 3 zeros.
 Value of polynomial
If p(x)is a polynomial and ‘y’ is any
real no. then real no. obtained by replacing
“x” by ‘y’ in p(x) is called the value of p(x) at
x = y and is denoted by “p(y)”
e.g. : value of P(x) at x = 1
p(x) = 3x²-2x+4
p(1) = 3(1)²-2(1)+4
= 3-2+4 = 5
 Zero of a polynomial
A real no. ‘X’ is a zero of the polynomial
f(x), is f(x)=0
Finding the zero of the polynomial means solving
polynomial equation f(x) =0
For e.g.: Zero of the polynomial
f(x) = X²+7x+12
⇒ f(x)=0
= x²+7X+12=0
=(X+4) (X+3)=0
x= -4 , x=-3
 General shape of Linear
polynomial
f(x)= x - 6

Linear polynomial
Degree 1
Max zeros=1
Shape : straight line
 General shape of Quadratic
polynomial

f(x)= x²-2x-3

Quadratic polynomial
Degree = 2
Max zeroes = 2
Shape : curves are called
‘parabolas’
 General shape of Cubic
polynomial
f(x) =-4xᶾ+3x+25x-6

Cubic polynomial
Degree = 3
Max Number of zeros =3
1. Write the quadratic equation shown Y
in the adjacent figure
Sol: α=-2 β= 7 ̵2 7 X

Quadratic polynomial =k[x²-(α+β)x+αβ]

=k[x²-(-2+7)+(-2)7]
=k[x²-5x-14]
put k=1
The quadratic polynomial is x²-5x-14
2. The adjacent figure the number of zeros of
the quadratic polynomial are
Y

Ans : 2 X
3. Write a quadratic polynomial and cubic
polynomial in variable ‘y’ in the general
form
Ans : The general form of quadratic
. polynomial= ay²+by+c
The general form of a
cubic . ..................polynomial= .
ayᶾ+by²+cy+d.
4.Find the sum of the zeros of the polynomial
xᶾ-2x²+3x-4
Sol : α+β+ϒ = -b/a
= -(-2)/1
= 2
5.If α ,β the zeros of the polynomial
x²-px+q then find the value of α²-β²
Sol: p(X)= x²-px+q
α+β =-b/a
= -(-p)/1 = p
αβ = c/a
=q/1 =q
α²- β² = (α+ β)(α- β)
= (α+ β)(√(α+ β)²-4 αβ
= p (√ p²-4q)
1) write any two polynomials of any degree
and create two questions for each of them.
2) If p(x) = 6x⁷- 5x⁶+2xᶾ-4 then find the
a)constant term b) coefficient of x⁴
3) Divide 2x²+3x+1 by x+2 and find the
remainder
4) If α ,β are the zeros of the polynomial
2x²+7x+5 then find the value of α+ β + αβ
5) Check whether √2 and 2 are zeros of the
polynomial x²-2x
Important topics of polynomials in the exam
point of view..
 Zeros of a polynomial
 Draw the graphs of the polynomial and find
the zeros
 Relationship between zeros and coefficients
of a polynomial.
 Division algorithm for polynomials.
 Examination point of view..
CHAPTERS ½M 1M 2M 4M Total Marks

SETS 2 1 1 1 8M

POLYNOMIALS 1 - 1 2 10½M

3 1 2 3 18½ M