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4th Lesson Writing As A Process

The document discusses the writing process and its stages. It describes the writing process as consisting of three main stages: pre-writing, writing, and rewriting. The pre-writing stage involves activities like brainstorming, selecting a topic, developing a research question and outline. The writing stage is drafting the first version. The rewriting stage is where the work is edited, revised and improved through additional research and refinement. The document provides examples to illustrate how to develop a thesis and outline on a topic as part of the pre-writing process.

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Jay-Jay Bordeos
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1K views

4th Lesson Writing As A Process

The document discusses the writing process and its stages. It describes the writing process as consisting of three main stages: pre-writing, writing, and rewriting. The pre-writing stage involves activities like brainstorming, selecting a topic, developing a research question and outline. The writing stage is drafting the first version. The rewriting stage is where the work is edited, revised and improved through additional research and refinement. The document provides examples to illustrate how to develop a thesis and outline on a topic as part of the pre-writing process.

Uploaded by

Jay-Jay Bordeos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Writing Process

Writing as a Process
Stages of Writing Process
Writing as a Process
Donald M. Muray, 1992
“Teaching writing as a process, not a product”
 This means that writing consists of more than just
drafting a paper but rather as three stages that
Muray calls PRE-WRITING, WRITING, and
REWRITING (1972)
Olson, 1999
“Writing is first and foremost a social activity; that
the act of writing can be a means of learning and
discovery”
The Pre-Writing Stage of the Writing Process
The pre-writing stage is defined as “everything that takes
place before the first draft” (Muray, 1972).
It begins w/ brainstorming & preliminary research to select
a topic. Once a topic has been chosen, limit based on the
type of written output required. Do it by a quick suvey of
related sources on the general topic.
Here is an example of notes leading up to the selection of
a narrow and focused topic for a documented essay on the
topic of plagiarism in the Philippines.

BRAINSTORMING

Philippine culture expressions, terms,


behaviors, and practices unique to the
Philippine expressions like “Ano ba
yan!” “ukay-ukay” “Philippine
hospitality,” bringing home pasalubong,
the so called “tingi-tingi system.”
Here is an example of notes leading up to the selection of
a narrow and focused topic for a documented essay on the
topic of plagiarism in the Philippines.

GENERAL TOPIC SELECTED

The tingi-tingi system


Here is an example of notes leading up to the selection of
a narrow and focused topic for a documented essay on the
topic of plagiarism in the Philippines.

SPECIFIC TOPIC

The cultural significance of the


tingi-tingi system in the twenty-
first century.
Here is an example of notes leading up to the selection of a
narrow and focused topic for a documented essay on the topic of
plagiarism in the Philippines.

ASKING REASERCH QUESTION &


ESTABLISHING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF
ONE’S RESEARCH

Brainstorming RQ: What cultural and social values, as well as


realities, led to the practice of buying and selling by tingi? What
impact does it have on buyers and sellers? What larger
implications does this have about life in the Philippines and its
socio-economic system, especially today?
Main RQ: Why is the continued use of the tingi-tingi system in
the twenty-first century Philippines significant?
Composing a Thesis Statement
This is the explicit statement of what
will be the paper’s central idea, point,
or argument, that is- the main assertion
that will be supported by the entire
essay. It is also, essentially, the tentative
answer to the research question.
RESEARCH QUESTION: Why is the continued use
of the tingi-tingi system in the twenty-first century
Philippines significant?

THESIS STATEMENT: The continued use of the


tingi-tingi system in the twenty-first century Philippines
reflects a lack of change in the economic situation of the
Philippines, as those from the many poorer sectors of
society are forced, due to lack of available funds, to both
buy small and think in the short term.
Preparing a Writing Outline
An outline consists of three main
sections, the INTRODUCTION,
DEVELOPMENT, and
CONCLUSION.
Here is an example of a writing outline for a documented essay based
on the thesis statement given previously. It is two-level topic outline.

Title: Tingi Culture in the Twenty-First Century: Still Thinking Small in the
Philippines

Thesis Statement: The continued use of the tingi-tingi system in the twenty-first
century Philippines reflects a lack of change in the economic situation of the
Philippines, as those from the many poorer sectors of society are forced, due to
lack of available funds, to both buy small and think in the short term.

I. Introduction: The tingi-tingi system


A. Interesting examples of buying by piece
B. Definition and origin of tingi and the tingi-tingi system
C. Main idea: continued practice of tingi culture as a reflection of
prevailing poverty and thinking in the short-term
II. Development: The social and cultural implications of the tingi-tingi system
A. Why it was practiced in the past
B. Why it continues to be practiced today
C. Buying small as equivalent to thinking small

III. Conclusion: Looking back and looking ahead


A. Recap of why the system has significant cultural implications
B. Final insight about the need to think in larger and longer terms
Doing Research and Finding Credible
Sources
A good academic should use only
trustworthy sources. One must verify if the
sources are VALID, CREDIBLE, and
RELIABLE.
Several ways to verify the sources…
1. Check the universal resource locator or URL- sometimes referred as IP
address or link- on the browser’s address bar. The shortcuts for domain
names at the end of the URL give information linked to the site’s purpose or
agenda and, therefore, is potential biases.
EXAMPLE:

 Sites w/ “.edu” domain names are generally viewed as credible as these are
run by educational institutions.
 Sites w/ “.com” domain names are commercial sites w/ monetary incentives
as their main agenda

NOTE: More information on URL evaluation can be accessed from this


website: http://uscupstate.libguides.com/c/php?g=257977&p=1721715
Several ways to verify the sources…

2. Read the “About Us” section of the website. As


with print sources, look for information about the
author or organization, the site publisher, and other
relevant information about the site.
 The “Read Us” section also gives information
about when the site was established, who
maintains it, and how often it is updated. Lastly, it
should the agenda of the individual or
organization that publishes the information.
Several ways to verify the sources…

3. Review the content of relevance, depth and


breadth, accuracy, and currency. The information
should be related to the subject one is studying and
provides the appropriate depth and coverage of the
topic.
 Information should be precise and authoritative-
produced by credible sources- and current. Some
sources in the internet may be outdated or
inaccurate, so it is important to look at the date
when the information was published.
Several ways to verify the sources…

4. Look at the sources cited. If the website is


credible and reliable, the information will
include ideas cited from the sources. There
should also be “live” links to the sources
used and cited by the author. Review the
website for broken links which indicate that
the information may not be valid or
legitimate.
Some additional tips are to go to
search engines that lead researchers
directly to scholarly and reliable sources.
Google scholar, for example. Lists works
published by established writers and
academics. Schools and universities
often provide students with access to
online journals and databases.
ACTIVIT
Y!
Go to the following website and evaluate them to verify whether these are (a) actual news sites, (b) fake news
sites, (c) satirical news sites, and (d) blogs that contain opinions and not news. Write the letter of your answer
on a ¼ sheet of paper.

• The Guardian
• Trending News Portal
• dwtv.3.com
• The Onion
• Mocha Uson blog
• Get Real Philippines
• the guard 1 an
• Rappler
• The Philippine Chronicle
• GMA News Online
• News Info Learn
THE WRITING STAGE OF THE WRITING PROCESS

This is writing, or “the act of producing a


first draft,” which Donald Murray (1972)
says is the “fastest” part of writing process,
taking up as little as 1% of the writer’s time.
THE REWRITING STAGE OF THE WRITING PROCESS

This third stage involves “researching,


rethinking, redesigning, rewriting- and
finally, line-by-line editing, the
demanding, satisfying process of making
every word right” (Murray, 1972).
Thank
you!

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