MODULE 3

Presentation of
Data
Warm up
If there are 40 million registered voters
in the Philippines, how many samples
are you going to get in a nationwide survey
at 3% margin of error?
1] show your computation; answer in whole number
2] using equal allocation, how many respondents
will come from
a] Luzon? _______
b] Visayas? _______
c]Copyright
Mindanao? _______
© Statistics for Neophyte Researchers 2004-05-DLSU Press

3] Explain why it is better to use 3% margin of error

rather than 5%?
 PRESENTATION
of DATA

Textual
Data are presented in paragraph form. It
involves enumeration of important
characteristics, giving emphasis
on significant figures and identifying the
important features
of the the data.
 PRESENTATION
of DATA

Tabular

Sometimes we could hardly grasp

information from a textual presentation
of data. Thus, we may present data
using tables.
 Tabular
Table number & title
PRESENTATION
of DATA
Table 4
Distribution of Students in ABC College
According to Year Level

Year Level Number of

Students
First year 300
Second year 250
Third year 285
Fourth year 215
N = 1050

Source: ABC College Registrar

 Tabular
PRESENTATION
of DATA

It is a table which shows the data arranged into

different classes and the number of cases which
fall into each class is tallied.
Findings: are results of an investigation

Conclusion: an opinion based on

findings

Inference: an educated guess based on

findings & conclusions.
 Table 3.0
The Ungrouped Frequency Distribution Table
For the Age of 50 Service Crews at Jollimee Basic Findings:
1] 14% of the service crew at Jollimee is 18
years old.
Age Freque Percenta 2] 16% of the …. Is 19 years old
ncy ge 3] 12% of the …. Is 20 years old.
Conclusion:
4] 22% of the …. These findings
Is 21 years old show
Frequen
5] 8%that
of Jollimee
the …. Isprefers
22 yearsemployees
old. who
cy
are of
6] 10% 21the
years
…isold
23and
yearsbelow.
old.
18 7 0.14
7] 10% of the … is 24 years old.
19 8 0.16 8] 8%Inference:
of the … If
is this trendold.
25 years continues,
More then job applicants who are 22 years
Findings
20 6 0.12
oldaverage
9] the and above
age ofhave
the very
50 …isslim
21chance
and the
21 11 0.22 of beingdev.
accepted at Jollimee.
standard Is 2.18.
22 4 0.08 10] the range of the ages is 7.
23 5 0.10 11] the youngest service crew is 18 while the
oldest
24 5 0.10
is 25.
25 4 0.08 12] 32 or 64% of the 50 service crews are
N = 50 21 years old and below
Advantages of ungrouped data:
1] Exact measurements can be obtained.
2] Identity of individual item is preserved.
Disadvantage
3] Difficult to handle for large group of data.
Table 3.1 Table 3.2
The Ungrouped Frequency Distribution Table The Grouped Frequency Distribution
For the Age of 50 Service Crews at Jollimee Table for the
Age of 50 Service Crews at Jollimee
Age Frequen Percentage
cy Frequency Age frequency Percentage
Frequency
18 7 0.1400
18-19 15 0.3000
19 8 0.1600
20-21 17 0.3400
20 6 0.1200
22-23 9 0.1800
21 11 0.2200
24-25 9 0.1800
22 4 0.0800 N = 50
23 5 0.1000
24 5 0.1000 Advantages of grouped data:
1] Easier to analyze & to describe.
25 4 0.0800 2] Easier to handle even for large group of data.
N = 50 Disadvantage
3] Identity of individual item is lost due to grouping.
4] Possible errors in measurements
The Contingency Table this is a table which shows the data
enumerated by cell.
3
Table 3.5
The Contingency Table for the Opinion of Viewers
columns
on the New TV Program

Choice/Sample Men Wome Childre Total

n n
Like the program 50 56 45 151
Indifferent 23 16 12 51
(r x c)
3 (3 x 3)
Do not like the 43 55 40 138
rows program

Total 116 127 97 340

 Table 3.5.1
The Contingency
[1,2] (56/151) Tableof
37% forthose
the Opinion
who of Viewers
[1,1]
[1,1]
(50/116)
(50/151)43%
33%of of
men
onthose
like
the who
theTV
[Total
New program.
like
r1] the program
(151/340)
Program 44%are
ofmen.
like the program are women.
[1,2] (56/116) 44%respondents
of women like the program.
like the program.
Choice/Sample Men Women Children Total
Like the 50(33%) 56(37%) 45(30%) 151
program (43%) (44%) (46%) (44%)
1) [2,1] Indifferent 23(45%) 16(31%) 12(24%) 51
2) [2,2] (20%) (13%) (12%) 7) [Tr2]
(15%)
3) [2,3] Do not like the 43(53%) 55(40%) 40(29%) 8) [Tr3]
138
4) [3,1] program (37%) (43%) (41%) 9) [Tc1]
(41%)
5) [3,2] Total 116 127 97 10)
340 [Tc2]
6) [3,3] (34%) (37%) (28%) 11) [Tc3]

Can you explain the “%” in each cell?

Graphical Presentation
of
Data
 Tabular
PRESENTATION Table number & title
of DATA
Table 4
Distribution of Students in ABC College
According to Year Level

Year Level Number of

Students
First year 300
Second year 250
Third year 285
Fourth year 215
N = 1050

Source: ABC College Registrar

Bar Chart 12
10
(c.i) f 8
10 - 14 3 6
15 - 19 6 4
20 - 24 12 2
25 - 29 7 0

30 to 34
10 to 14

20 to 24
30 - 34 4 Base: Class Interval
35 - 39 3
Height: Frequency
Take Note !!
There are gaps between bars. This is appropriate
to use for discrete variables!
 12
Histogram
10

(c.i) f X 8

6
Base: Class Mark
10 - 14 3 12 Height: Frequency
15 - 19 6 17 4
20 - 24 12 22
25 - 29 7 27 2
30 - 34 4 32
0
35 - 39 3 37 12 17 22 27 32 37
Take Note !!
There is no gap between bars. This is appropriate
to use for continuous variables!
 Frequency 14
Polygon This is appropriate
12 to use for
(c.i) f X 10 continuous
variables!
10 - 14 3 12 8
15 - 19 6 17 6
20 - 24 12 22
4
25 - 29 7 27 Base: Class Mark
30 - 34 4 32 2 Height: Frequency
35 - 39 3 37 0
Take Note !! 7 12 17 22 27 32 37 42
Additional “X” are
added on both ends in order
to close the polygon.
< Ogive 40
< Ogive
35
c.b. <cf
30
- 9.5 0 25
9.5-14.5 3 20
15
14.5-19.5 9
10
19.5-24.5 21 5
0
Take Note
24.5-29.5 28!! 9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5
There is additional
Upper c.b. “9.5” with Base: Upper Class Boundary
29.5-34.5 32
<cf equal to 0. Height: < cf
 Take Note !!
> Ogive 40 There is additional
c.b. >cf 35 Lower c.b. “39.5” with
9.5-14.5 35 30 >cf equal to 0.
14.5-19.5 32 25
19.5-24.5 26 20
24.5-29.5 14
15
29.5-34.5 7
34.5-39.5 3 10 >O
giv
39.5- 0 5 e
0
9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5
>cf & Lower c.b.
Base: Lower Class Boundary Height: > cf
 Ogives
40
< Ogive
c.b. <cf >cf 35
9.5-14.5 3 35 30
14.5-19.5 9 32 25
19.5-24.5 21 26 20
24.5-29.5 28 14
15
29.5-34.5 32 7
34.5-39.5 35 3 10 >O
5 giv
e
0
<cf & Upper c.b.
9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5
>cf & Lower c.b.
Base: Class Interval
Height: Cumulative Frequency
Pie Chart 9% 9%
11%
(c.i) f 17%
10 - 14 3
15 - 19 6
20 - 24 12
25 - 29 7 20%
30 - 34 4
35 - 39 3 34%

Figure 1: The pie chart for the age of 80 students

 Scores of Male & Female Students in the Midterm Exam.
20

15

10

0
50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85- 90- 95-
54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99

Male Female
Warm up
Graph and Table
READING!
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 X
Figure A
Frequency polygon for the Ages
Of Persons Enrolled in an Aerobics Class
18
16
14
12
10
8
6 45
4
2
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 55 X
1. How many 25 years old are there?
2. What is the age with lowest number of enrollees?
3. How many enrollees are there(refer to no.2)?
4. The age of the youngest student in the group
5. The modal age or the age with the highest frequency
6. The class width of the distribution
7. The age of the oldest student
8. The no. of students with ages in between 20 & 40
9. The total number of students enrolled
10. What other graph is appropriate to use in this set of data?
 B: Table Reading
Table 3.8
The result of a survey of 300 randomly
pick students on their choice for president and
whom they believe will win in the coming
2022 election.

  Column variable (Choice for President)

Row variable (Perceived winner) A B C D Total

A 22 10 31 3 66
B 13 4 15 1 33
C 28 13 35 2 78
D 39 29 47 8 123
Total 102 56 128 14 300
 B: Table Reading
A. What proportion/percentage of votes went to each candidate?
______ A; ______ B; ______ C; ______ D

B. What proportion/percentage of respondents perceived

the following will win?
______ A; ______ B; ______ C; ______ D
 B: Table Reading

C. What proportion/percentage of respondents voted

for a candidate whom they perceived will win?
______ A; ______ B; ______ C; ______ D
D. What proportion/percentage of the respondents
voted for their candidate but believed other candidate will be
the winner?
_____ Voted for A but believed B will win
_____ Voted for A but believed D will win
_____ Voted for D but believed A will win
_____ Voted for B but believed D will win
_____ Voted for C but believed D will win
 B: Table Reading

E. What percentage of those who voted for A

believed D will win? ___________
F. What percentage of those who voted for B
believed C will win? ___________
G. What percentage of those believed C
will be the winner voted for A? ___________