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The document describes the process of seismic data processing which includes: 1) Loading raw seismic data and converting it to a trace sequential format through demultiplexing. 2) Pre-processing steps like geometry assignment, editing, muting, stacking, and amplitude corrections. 3) Velocity analysis and NMO correction to flatten reflections. 4) Stacking the corrected traces to create a processed seismic section with improved signal-to-noise ratio and resolution compared to the raw data.

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Djibril Idé Alpha
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427 views81 pages

Procssing 01

The document describes the process of seismic data processing which includes: 1) Loading raw seismic data and converting it to a trace sequential format through demultiplexing. 2) Pre-processing steps like geometry assignment, editing, muting, stacking, and amplitude corrections. 3) Velocity analysis and NMO correction to flatten reflections. 4) Stacking the corrected traces to create a processed seismic section with improved signal-to-noise ratio and resolution compared to the raw data.

Uploaded by

Djibril Idé Alpha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Seisminc Data

Processing
Shot gather recorded by geophone
Processing
Shot gather stacking section
Raw data

Geology Seismic section


Processing of reflection data
• To improve the signal to noise ratio
• Isolation of the wanted signals
(Reflections isolated from multiples and surface
waves)
• To obtain a higher resolution by adapting the
waveform of the signals
• To obtain a realistic image by geometrical
correction
• To obtain information about the subsurface
Result of processing of data

Raw data Processed(migrated) data


Basic scheme of the seismic data processing
Measurements
Loading of the data/conversion Navigation
Demultiplexing
Pre-Processing
Geometry

Editing/ Muting/ Stacking


Amplitude correction
Frequency filter
Deconvolution
CMP-Sorting Prestack

Velocity analysis
NMO-Correction

Stacking
Migration
Poststack
Post-processing

Printing/storage Printing/storage
Demultiplexing
Demultiplexing – transforming the field data which is time
sequential into processing format which is trace sequential.
Demultiplexing
Dataformats
• SEG-D: multiplexed time sequential form
• SEG-2:
• SEG-Y: demultiplexed trace sequential form

Digital storage:
• IBM Real (4-Byte floating point, standard)
• IEEE (4-Byte floating point)
• 4-Byte Integer
SEGY-Format

trace header trace data trace header trace data


file header
trace 1 trace 2

Dataformat CMP-Number
Sampling rate Shotnumber
Number of values Channelnumber
Describtion of the Offset
Measurement
Coordinates
etc.
Tracenumber

Parameter, that Parameters, that can The actual


are equal for all be different for each Values
traces. trace.
Editing

dead or
corrupted traces
Editing

Erased traces
Geometry
• Determine Source and receiver position
for measured data
• Calculate CMP position
• Specify a certain BIN in which the measured
trace belongs
Raypaths for a given bin

From Reynolds, 1997


Statics
• Topographic Correction (elevation statics)
• “Uphole”-correction using shots in borehole
• Refraction statics: corrections for weathered
layer
– Delay-Time
– Generalized reciprocal method (GRM)
– Deminishing residual matrices (DRM)
Static Corrections
SC= (hS3 + h R5)VE

Assumed velocity of the


VE: material above
Static corrections
Topographic Correction

Subdivision of time shift


for source and Receiver

All traces with equal source are corrected for the time shift
of the specific source

All traces with equal receiver are corrected for the time shift
of the specific receiver

The statics correction is


The sum of the corrections for appropriate
source and receiver
Static corrections
Without
Static
corrections

With
Static
corrections
Primary Reflection

Resulted from energy that


undergoes only one reflection
before returning to the
surface
Multiples

Reflected energy back up


again following a reflection
back down at the surface.
Multiples
Comparison
Gather
NMO – Normal Moveout Correction

Function of
X, H (To), V

H V
NMO – Normal Moveout Correction
X

TNMO = tf-t0

Where
tf = two-way time of
t0
event at offset
distance of x
tf
t0= two-way time of
event at zero-offset
Velocity analysis
• Common midpoint measurement
(CMP – CDP)
• Velocity analysis
• Normal move-out (NMO) correction
• Artefacts that can occur: Stretching
• Stacking
Difference between CMP und CDP

horizontal Reflector
CMP = CDP
CMP = CDP

Dipping Reflector

CMP CDP
CMP CDP

CMP = common mid point


CDP = common depth point
Velocity Analysis
TNMO = tf-t0
X2
TNMO  2
2t V
0 1

Know x from geometry


& t0 measured from
seismic trace

Select a variety of V’s


to get best T
x2-t2 - analysis

x2
t 2  t02  2
vstack
NMO Corrections
Velocity Analysis

Overcorrected by too slow velocity


Velocity Analysis

Under corrected by too fast velocity


Velocity Analysis

NMO – Normal Moveout Correction


Now Corrected
correct VNMO is one which flattens the reflection hyperbola
Overcorrection: Undercorrection:
Uncorrected Correct velocity velocity too low velocity too high
CMP gather (224 m/s)
(2000 m/s) (2500 m/s)
Gathers and NMO Corrected CMP
Stretching

2
x
t NMO  t0  t  2
2v t
stack 0
Threshold stretch limits

50% 100%
Yilmaz, 1987
Mute
NMO correction and muting of a stretched zone

Yilmaz, 1987
Optimum mute selection

(a) NMO corrected gather


(b) Subtract gather
Right trace = right trace
Second trace on the right is the stack
of the two near traces of original gather
Leftmost trace is the stack of all traces
-> Dotted line indicates the mute zone

(c) Poor mute choice

Yilmaz, 1987
Constant velocity moveout corrections (1) (CVP)

Yilmaz, 1987
Constant velocity moveout corrections (2) (CVP)

Yilmaz, 1987
Constant velocity stacks of 24 CMP gathers (CVS)

Yilmaz, 1987
Velocity spectrum

Mapping of the offset axis to the velocity axis


Velocity analysis
Factors affecting velocity estimates

• Depth of the reflectors


• Move-out of the reflection
• Spread length
• S/N ratio
• Static corrections
• Dip of the reflector
• Number of traces
Influence of missing long offset traces on
velocity spectra
Influence of missing long offset traces and
statics on velocity spectra
Semblance-Analysis
Results using wrong velocities
Error for high velocities and large traveltimes

Almost no
difference
Synthetic CMP gathers containing multiples

primaries Water-bottom
+ = VM velocity multiples
primary (W)
VP velocity primaries
+multiples
Yilmaz, 1987
CMP gathers with strong multiples

Yilmaz, 1987

VM1= slow (water-bottom) multiples NMO corrected data


VM2= fast (peg-leg) multiples using primary velocities
CMP stack using former gathers

Yilmaz, 1987
Stacking
• Statics
• Residual statics in combination with the
velocity analysis
• Muting

 Approximated zero offset section


Methods to Stack

1 n
Mean stack st ,mean   wi ,t
n i 1

1 n
Weighted Stack st ,meanweighted    i wi ,t
n i 1

Diversity Stack/Min-Max-exclude
Certain traces are muted and not included
in the stacking procedure
Stacking velocity field

Yilmaz, 1987
Velocity model
Velocity model
Residual statics

CMP Gathers with field statics applied

1. Velocity analysis

Apply Residual statics


NMO-Correction

Compute Residual statics

2. Velocity analysis

NMO-Correction with new Velocities

Stacking
NMO corrected data before and after residual corrections

297 188
Yilmaz, 1987
Velocity spectra before (a) and after (b)
residual stacking
CMP stacks without and with residual stacking

Yilmaz, 1987
stacked section
CMP stack

Yilmaz, 1987
CMP stack using gain function

Yilmaz, 1987
Effect of migration

Stacked section

Post-stack migration
Pictures taken from Yilmaz, 1987
Some migrated results - 2D and
3D

Examples taken from www.paralleldata.com


Thanks

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