Electronic Switching Systems

Electronic Switching Systems

IV B. Tech I Semester ECE (R16)

Mr. Veerayya Javvaji M. Tech (Ph. D)

Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Electronic Switching Systems

Course Objectives

The student will able to understand how the voice and

data is transmitted from source to destination using
electronic switching system.
Electronic Switching Systems

Why this Course

• As all of we use telephones to talk with friends and

families as well as browse through internet for
sending mails, shopping etc.,
• The important question is how this is happening?
Electronic Switching Systems

Introduction to Telephony and Network

• What is Telephony
Long distance voice transmission is called telephony.
• What is Network
Communication between multiple devices with other in
a system is called network.
 Evolution of Telecommunications
Electronic Switching Systems
• Transmission of telegraph signals over wires was the first
technological development in the field of modern
telecommunications
• Telegraphy was introduced in 1837 in Great Britain and in 1845 in
France. (uses Morse code for communication)
 Morse Systems
Electronic Switching Code

Morse code Vide

o
 Evolution
ElectronicofSwitching
Telecommunications
Systems cont.,
• Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated his telephone set and the
possibility of telephony in March 1876.
• Graham Bell demonstrated a point-to-point telephone connection.
 Telephones
Electronic Switching from
Systems1876
 Point-to-Point
Electronic Connection
Switching Systems
Electronic Switching Systems
Point-to-Point Connection
 UtilizationSystems
Electronic Switching Factor

1. For N point communication the total number of links= N(N-1)/2

2. For every communication 2 links are utilized.
3. For N nodes we can have N/2 simultaneous calls is possible.
 Drawback of point-to-point
Electronic Switching Systemsconnection

• As N tends to infinity Utilization Factor reaches zero , that means

design is not good.
 How to improve
Electronic SwitchingUtilization
Systems Factor

• By decreasing the number of links we can increase Utilization

Factor but in addition we should add extra devices.
• Example:

A Switching system
is variedly know as
Switching Office or
Switching Centre or
Telephone Exchange
 Classification
Electronic of Switching
Switching Systems Systems
 Manual
Electronic Switching
Switching System
Systems
 ElectronicSwitching
Switching Network
Systems

• Subscribers all over the world cannot be connected to a single switching

system unless we have gigantic switching system in the sky and every
subscriber has a direct access to the same.
• As above mentioned method is not feasible we will divide the
switching system in to groups called as Switching Exchanges.
• The exchanges are connected via Trunks.
 ElectronicSwitching
Switching Network
Systems

Terminology
1. Links that run at
subscriber premises are
known as Subscribers
lines or Local Lines.
2. Links that run between
exchanges are called
Trunks
 ElectronicSwitching
Switching Network
Systems

• First commercial intercity connection was operated between New York

city and Boston in 1884.
• First transcontinental connection was operated between New York city
to San Francisco in 1915.
• First Intercontinental connection was operated between New York and
London in 1927.
 Switching
Electronic SwitchingNetwork
Systems

• As the number of switching systems increases, interconnecting them

becomes complex.
• This problem can be solved by introducing hierarchical structure among
the switching system.
• From the above figure we can observe that switching systems SS2 and
SS3 needs to be routed via SS1 or SS4.
• In hierarchical structure every city has a main or central exchange
which is used for routing intercity traffic.
 Communication
Electronic Links
Switching Systems

• A telephone switching network is made up of switching systems, trunks,

subscriber lines and telephone instrument.
• Trunks and subscriber lines are essential communication links which
carry information signals.
• Basically there are two forms of communication links
1. Electrical
2. Optical
 Electrical Communication
Electronic Switching Systems Link

T- Transducer
ES- Electrical Signal
SC- Signal Conditioner
MI- Medium Interface
 Optical Switching
Electronic Communication
Systems Link

T- Transducer
ES- Electrical Signal
SC- Signal Conditioner
MI- Medium Interface
 Simple Telephone
Electronic Communication
Switching Systems

1. A Simplex Telephone circuit:

• One way communication (Simplex)

• Microphones and earphones are transducer.
• Carbon microphones –
■ Do not give high fidelity signals
■ Gives strong electrical signals.
■ Acceptable quality
 Microphone
Electronic Operation
Switching Systems

□ Microphone has carbon granules in a box.

□ One side fixed, other attached to diaphragm.
□ Resistance inversely proportional to density of granules.
□ Diaphragm vibrates with sound and resistance changes.
□ V applied across box.
□ ri = ro – r sin wt
□ ro = resistance without sound
□ r = max deviation in resistance.
□ ri = instantaneous resistance
□ i = V/ {ro – r sin wt}
 Electronic Switching Systems
□ i = V/ [ro {1 – (r/ ro) sin wt}

□ i = Io( 1 – m sin wt)-1

□ i = Io( 1 + m sin wt + m2 sin2 wt + m3 sin3 wt + …) m < 1.
□ i = Io( 1 + m sin wt )
□ Carbon microphone acts as amplitude modulator.
□ m should be small to avoid harmonic distortion.
□ Energizing current Io(Quiescent current) is must.
 Inductor
Electronic Switching Systems

□ Acts as high impedance element for voice.

□ Permits DC to flow from microphone and speaker.
□ Voice goes from microphone to speaker .
 Earphone
Electronic Switching Systems

□ Converts electrical to voice signal.

□ Electro magnate with magnetic diaphragm.
□ Air gap between diaphragm and poles.
□ Voice current through electro magnet exerts variable force on
diaphragm.
□ Diaphragm vibrates and produces sound.
 Condition
Electronicfor Faithful
Switching reproduction
Systems

□ Diaphragm displacement in one direction only.

□ Quiescent current provides this bias.
□ Instantaneous flux linking poles of electromagnet and diaphragm:
□ φi = φo + φ sin wt
□ φo = Constant flux due to quiescent current
□ φi = instantaneous flux
□ φ = max amplitude of flux variation Assuming
□ vibration of diaphragm has little effect on air gap
□ Reluctance of magnetic path is constant.
 Electronic Switching Systems

□ Instantaneous Force exerted on diaphragm is proportional to

square of instantaneous flux.
□ F = K(φo + φ sin wt)2 φ/ φo << 1
□ Expanding and neglecting second order terms..
□ F = K φo ^2 (1 + K1 Io sin wt)
□ Force exerted proportional to input voice signal
 Half Duplex telephone
Electronic Switching communication
Systems

Signal travels in both directions but not

simultaneously.
 An entity either sends or receives signal.
Speech of A is heard by B as well as A’s
own earphone.
 Audio signal heard by self earphone is
called sidetone.
 No sidetone: User tends to shout.
Too much sidetone: User tends to speak in
too low volume.
 Here entire speech intensity is heard as
sidetone which is not desirable.
Half Duplex
Electronic circuit
Switching with Sidetone
Systems
 Crossbar
Electronic Switching
Switching Systems

Outline:
􀂆 Principles of Common Control
􀂆 Touch tone dial telephone
􀂆 Principles of Crossbar Switching
􀂆 Crossbar Switch Configurations
􀂆 Crosspoint Technology
􀂆 Crossbar Exchange Organization
 Introduction
Electronic Switching Systems

􀂆 Disadvantages of Strowger Switching

1. Dependence on moving parts and contacts that are
subject to wear and tear;
2. Difficulties in maintenance and adjustments.
􀂆 Switching systems requiring less maintenance and
adjustment after installation are expected.
 Introduction
Electronic Switching Systems

Development of Crossbar Switching

􀂄 The first patent, USA, 1915.
􀂄 The Second patent, Sweden, 1919.
􀂄 The first Crossbar Switching system, AT&T, 1938.
􀂄 Common Control subsystems were first introduced
in crossbar exchanges
 Principles of Common
Electronic Control
Switching Systems

Uniform numbering
􀂄 The same number is dialed, no matter from which
exchange the call originates.
􀂄 It is convenient for customer to make phone call to a
specific party any where.
􀂄 It is difficult to implement uniform numbering in direct
control switching system unless a ‘Director’ is available.
A Multi-exchange
Electronic Network
Switching Systems
 A Multi-exchange
Electronic Network
Switching Systems

Partly connected network (direct control)

􀂄 A level is reserved in each strowger exchange for outgoing
calls.
􀂄 The corresponding outlets are connected to a specific neighbor
exchange.
A call from A to F
􀂄 Called subscriber: 1457
􀂄 Route 1: A-B-C-J-F dialing sequence: 01-04-03-01-1457
􀂄Route 2: A-I-H-G-F dialing sequence: 02-05-01-02-1457
 A Multi-exchange
Electronic Network
Switching Systems

Difficulties faced by direct control

􀂄 Identification number of a subscriber is route
dependent;
􀂄 A user must have knowledge of the topology of the
network and the outlet assignments in each exchange.
􀂄 Depending on from which exchange the call
originates, the number and its size vary for the same
called subscriber.
 A Multi-exchange
Electronic Network
Switching Systems

How to overcome these difficulties in a Strowger

exchange?
􀂄 The routing is done by the exchange instead of
dialing.
􀂄 A uniform numbering scheme is used.
Uniform Numbering scheme
􀂄 Exchange identifier + Subscriber line identifier
 Common
Electronic control
Switching Systems

Fundamental features
􀂄 A user is assigned a logical number which is independent of
the physical line number used to establish a connection to
him.
􀂄 The logical address is translated to actual physical address
for connection establishment by an address translation
mechanism.
􀂄 Call processing takes place independent of the switching
network.
 Common
Electronic control
Switching Systems

Diagram of Common Control Subsystem

􀂄 Call processing subsystem
 Digit receiver and storage register
 Register Sender
 Initial translator
􀂾 Final translator
􀂄 Charging circuits
􀂄 Operation Control
􀂄 Maintenance circuits
􀂄 Event monitor
 Common
Electronic control
Switching Systems

Control Functions
 Event Monitoring
 Events at line units
 Events at Trunk junctors
 Events at interexchange signaling
receiver/sender units
 Common
Electronic control
Switching Systems

Control Functions
􀂄 Call Processing
 Digit receiver and storage register: receive and store the dialing
number from calling party.
 Initial translator (office code translator): determine the route for the
call through the network, charging method/rate.
 Final translator (subscriber code translator):determine the line unit to
which a call must be connected and category of the called line.
 Register sender: transfer the route digit and dialed digit using proper
signaling.
 Common
Electronic control
Switching Systems

Control Functions
􀂄 Charging
 Depends on the type of subscriber
 Depends on the service of the subscriber
􀂄 Operation and Maintenance
 Controlling of the switching network ‘Map-in-memory’
& ‘Map-in-Network’
 Administration & Maintenance exchange equipment,
subscriber lines, trunks
 Touch Tone
Electronic Dial
Switching Telephone
Systems

􀂆 Disadvantages of Rotary dial Telephone

 Low dialing rate
 Limited usage
 Limited signaling capacity
􀂆 Development of Touch tone dial phone
 Developed in 1950s
 Applied in 1964.
􀂆 Touch dial arrangement
 DTMF: Dual Tone Multi-Frequency
Electronic Switching Systems
Electronic Switching Systems
 Design
Electronic Considerations
Switching Systems

􀂆 Choice of code
 Imitation of code signal by speech and music should
be difficult.
􀂆 Band Separation
 Easy to recognize a specific frequency
 Easy to regulate
 Reduce the probability of false response
 Design
Electronic Considerations
Switching Systems

􀂆 Choice of frequencies
 Attenuation and delay distortion characteristics of the telephone
network circuits
􀂆 Choice of power level
 High enough for reliability
 Power level should be planned according to attenuation
characteristics of the channel
􀂆 Signaling duration
 Longer duration is helpful to combat talk-off, but inefficient.
 Dialing habit
 Electronic Switching Systems

Attenuation Characteristics Delay Characteristics

 Principles of Crossbar
Electronic Switching SystemsSwitching

􀂆 Basic idea
 To provide a matrix of (n x m) sets of contacts with only (n
+ m) activators or less to select one of the (n x m) sets of
contacts.
􀂆 Crosspoint Switching matrix
 Horizontal & Vertical wires
 Contact points
 Horizontal & Vertical bars
 Electromagnets
 3X3 Crosspoint
Electronic Switching
Switching Systems
 Crosspoint Switching
Electronic Switching Systems matrix

Establishment of a connection
􀂄 Scheme1
 Step1:Energize horizontal bar
 Step2:Energize vertical bar
 De-energize horizontal bar
􀂄 Scheme2
 Step1:Energize vertical bar
 Step2:Energize horizontal bar
 De-energize vertical bar
 Crossbar
Electronic Switch
Switching Configurations
Systems

Nonblocking Crossbar configuration

 N2 switching elements for N subscribers.
 N/2 simultaneous conversations.
 Crosspoint used depends on the calling
 6X6 Cross
Electronic point
Switching Matrix
Systems
 Crossbar
ElectronicSwitch
SwitchingConfigurations
Systems

Modified Nonblocking Scheme

􀂄 Diagonal Crosspoint Matrix
􀂄 N(N-1)/2 elements
􀂄 The number of elements is the same as that of full-
connected network.
􀂄 Connection establishment
 Energize the corresponding horizontal bar
 Energize the corresponding vertical bar
Diagonal
Electronic Crosspoint
Switching Systems Matrix
 Crossbar
ElectronicSwitch
SwitchingConfigurations
Systems

􀂆 Comments on nonblocking schemes

 Large number of switching elements
 Difficult to implement in practice
 Not cost-effective
􀂆 Solution:
 Blocking crossbar switching
 Crossbar
ElectronicSwitch
SwitchingConfigurations
Systems

􀂆 Blocking crossbar switches

 Aiming to reduce the number of crosspoint switches.
 Category: Single stage / Multistage
 Methodology:
􀂾 Two subscribers share one vertical bar
 Number of bars reduced
 Number of crosspoint switches remains the same.
 All subscribers share a number of vertical bars
 Numbers of bars and crosspoint switches reduced
 Blocking
Electronic crossbar
Switching switches
Systems

Scheme 1
􀂄 2NK switches
 N denotes the number of subscribers
 K is the number of simultaneous connections
􀂄 Operate four bars to establish a connection (e.g. A-B).
 Energize horizontal bar A
 Energize free vertical bar P
 De-energize horizontal bar A
 Energize horizontal bar B
 Energize free vertical bar P’ (associated with P)
 De-energize horizontal bar B
Blocking
Electronic Crossbar
Switching Switch
Systems
 Blocking
Electronic crossbar
Switching switches
Systems

Scheme 2
 NK switches
 N denotes the number of subscribers
 K is the number of simultaneous connections
 Operate three bars to establish a connection (e.g. A-B).
 Energize horizontal bar A and B
 Energize free vertical bar P
 De-energize horizontal bar A and B
Electronic Switching Systems
 Transfer
Electronic lineSystems
Switching support
Locally nonblocking and externally blocking
 Transfer
Electronic lineSystems
Switching support
Blocking both locally and externally
 Crosspoint
Electronic Technology
Switching Systems

􀂆 The cost of crossbar system increases in proportion to

the number of crosspoints.
􀂆 Challenges
 Reduction of the size of a crosspoint
 Reduction of the cost of a crosspoint
 Improvement of switching time
 Crosspoint
Electronic Technology
Switching Systems

Category of crosspoint technology

 ReedSwitching
Electronic relay crosspoint
Systems
 Crossbar
ElectronicExchange Organization
Switching Systems

Basic building blocks of crossbar exchange

􀂄 Link frames
 Primary stage Crossbar switches
 Secondary stage Crossbar switches
 Links
􀂄 Control markers
 Control the connections between inlets and outlets
􀂄 Registers
 Link Frame
Electronic Switching Systems
 Crossbar
ElectronicExchange Organization
Switching Systems

Organization of a crossbar exchange

􀂄 Line unit (two-way units)
 Line link frames
 Markers and registers
 Originating or terminating calls
􀂄 Group unit (unidirectional)
 Trunk link frame and associated hardware
 Handling local, outgoing, incoming, terminating and transit
calls
Organization of Crossbar
Electronic Switching Systems Exchange
 Crossbar
ElectronicExchange Organization
Switching Systems

Call processing (three stages)

􀂄 Stage 1
 Preselection (performed by originating marker)
􀂄 Stage 2
 Group selection (performed by registers, translators
and senders)
􀂄 Stage 3
 Line selection (performed by terminating marker)