Unit-2

Survey Adjustment

Present by
S.SEKAR,AP/CIVIL
 Overview
• Eccentric station

• Equal shifts adjustments

• 3rd order triangulation

• Cross cuts

• Error figure 2
 Eccentric Station
• Observations of certain rays may not be possible from the trig
station owing either to the nature of the site or to the features on
the line of sight.
• In such a situation, eccentric stations can be used to overcome the
problem.
• However, after completion of the observations, the directions have
to be reduced such that they appear as being observed from the
trig station.
• This is done by applying some corrections to measured directions.

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 Eccentric Station (cont…)
• Point R cannot be occupied in triangle RST and at satellite station X, the
directions to R,S&T are observed and the horizontal distance d between the
trig station R and eccentric station X is measured.
• Angles ∝1 and ∝2 are derived from the observation.
• The direction observed at station X can be reduced to their equivalence at
R by applying corrections C1 and C2 obtained from

where
d – distance from R to eccentric station X
we assume that distance RT ≈ XT
 
 

• Direction R - S = dir XS + C1 4

• Direction R - T = dir XT - C2
 Adjustment of Triangulation observations

• Adjustment of Triangulation observations (horizontal) depending on

the order of triangulation, angle observations in triangulation
schemes have to be adjusted for geometric consistency before any
coordinate calculations are attempted.
• In case of 1st and 2nd order triangulation, the method of equal shifts
is normally adopted whilst for the third order a direction sheet can
be extracted and adjustments performed.
• For simple triangles, equal shift adjustment is achieved by taking
each triangle in turn through the network, calculating the
misclosure and applying 1/3 of this to each angle.
• Methods of adjusting the observed angles in braced quads and
center point polygons by equal shift are given below.
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Adjustment of a braced quad using the equal
shifts methods

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 Performing the angle adjustment

• 3 angle conditions has to be satisfied for the equal shifts adjustment,

these are:

i. ∑angles (1-8) = 360o

ii. Angle 1+2 = Angle 5+6
iii. Angle 3+4 = Angle 7+8

• Conditions ii and iii are known as adjustment to opposites

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 performing the side adjustment
• In addition to angle conditions, a side condition must also be satisfied for a braced quad i.e.

• This non-linear condition is applied to the first adjusted angles by calculating the side adjustment (V)
from

where
a = Sin 1 Sin 3 Sin 5 Sin 7
b = Cot 1 + Cot 3 + Cot 5 + Cot 7
c = Sin 2 Sin 4 Sin 6 Sin 8
d= Cot 2 + Cot 4 + Cot 6 + Cot 8

• The value of |V’’| is computed using the first adjusted angles and if c > a, the value of |V’’| is
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subtracted from each of the even angles and added to each of the odd angles.
 
Angle Observed Adjustmen Adjustment First adjusted Side Final adjusted Final Angle
value t to all to opposites angle adjustm
angles ent

1 50 21 19 +1.12’’ -2’’ 50 21 18.12 +5.01 50 21 23.13 50 21 23

2 56 21 41 +1.12’’ -2’’ 56. 21 40.12 -5.01 56 21 35.11 56 21 35

3 43 19 39 +1.12’’ -1.75’’ 43 19 38.37 +5.01 43 19 43.38 43 19 43

4 29 57 24 +1.12’’ -1.75’’ 29 57 23.37 -5.01 29 57 18.36 29 57 18

5 47 21 16 +1.13’’ +2’’ 47 21 19.13 +5.01 47 21 24.14 47 21 24

6 59 21 36 +1.13’’ +2’’ 59 21 39.13 -5.01 59 21 34.12 59 21 34

7 34 52 11 +1.13’’ +1.75’’ 34 52 13.88 +5.01 34 52 18.87 34 52 19

8 38 24 45 +1.13’’ +1.75’’ 38 24 47.88 -5.01 38 24 42.87 38 24 43 9

Total 359 59 51 360 00 00 360 00 00
 Equal shifts adjustment for a centred point
polygon
• ABC shows a triangulation scheme consisting of points ABC in the
form of a triangulation with a fourth point S in the centre of the
triangle.

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Angle adjustment is performed in the following manner:

• When the angle conditions are clearly satisfied in the centre point polygon, the
adjusted angles in a triangle must be 180.
• Adjusted angles 7, 8 & 9 must be added to 360 and adjusted accordingly
• The side condition for the centre point polygon is similar to that of a braced quad, in
this case

• And the side adjustment is obtained used an expression identical to the braced quad
• However, only the outer angles are used to give
a = Sin 1 Sin3 Sin 5
b = Cot 1 + Cot 3 + Cot 5
c = Sin 2 Sin 4 Sin 6
d = Cot 2 + Cot 4 + Cot 6

• NB. The value of v is calculated using the angles obtained after applying the angle 11
conditions.
 3rd Order Triangulation
Countersection; reduction of countersection observations
• Observations taken by combining resection and intersection to fix a
single point result in excess observations being taken.
• To reduce the observations a number of steps have to be taken.
• Calculation procedures involve the following:
1. Reduction of angle observations
2. Entering observations in a direction sheet and reducing them
3. Calculation of provisional coordinates (This is normally done using the
intersection method)
4. Calculation of cross cuts (done for the remaining rays i.e. using points
not used in calculation of provisional coordinates)
5. Plotting of an error figure and solving

NB each ray must be assigned a weight which is proportional to its 12

distance i.e. w ∝ 1/s2
 3rd order triangulation (cont…)

1. Reduction of angle observations

 Triangulation observations should always be made on both faces of the
theodolite.
 Reductions are therefore conducted by finding the mean of the observations

2. Abstract of observations
 At all stations, the surveyor will probably observe more than one arc, hence in
order to adjust the directions, an abstract of observations has to be extracted.
 Here RO correction is applied

3. Direction sheet
 Adjusted mean directions are entered in a direction sheet.
 This operation is required in order that the observed direction may be oriented as
nearly as possible to their true values for use in the individual calculation 13
 3rd order triangulation (cont…)

4. Calculation of provisional Coordinates

 This is done using intersection method
 2 controls which provide the strongest fix are selected
 It follows that the points to be used should have angles falling between
30o and 120o as subtended at the unknown point.
 Points or controls forming an angle of 90o will be the best.

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 3rd order triangulation (cont…)

5. Calculation of cross-cuts
• The intersection calculation is used to determine the provisional values of a point to
be calculated by consideration of only 2 observed rays.
• To fix the position of any point by triangulation, at least 3 observations are required
from known positions, 2 of these rays are used in the intersection, so what of the 3 rd
or other rays observed?
• These rays are now used to find their relative positions in relation to the provisional
values to form triangles of error
• Cross cuts involve calculation where the remaining rays cut the x and y grid which
passes through the provisional values.
• y=y1
• dx is greater when the direction is generally in a north south
 
• The calculation on whether the ray will cut the y or x grid will depend on the direction
of the ray. 15
Cross cuts

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 Cross cuts (cont…)
• NB in the case of dy greater, tan ∝ = dy/dx, whereby we are using
directions not angles so

• ** If direction is closer or nearer to the y axis, dx=dy cot∝.

• If direction is nearer to the x axis dy = dx tan ∝

 
• Directions for the cross cuts are obtained from the oriented back
directions.

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Summary for 3rd order triangulation calculation

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 Weights

• We are multiplying the observations from382/T-101/P and 101/P-382/T by

2 bcz, it will give us a double weight as it is more accurate.
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 error figure
• With several possible values for the coordinates of P, it is clear that an
adjustment is necessary.

• This time the adjustment is best done by graphical means.

• Thus there is enough data from the triangle computation and from the
cross cut computations to draw graphical representation of the actual
position of the fixing rays with relation to each other.

• The resultant figure will have several solutions to obtain the most
probable position for the point P.

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 Error figure (cont…)
• The plotting of the error figure is fairly simple operation.

• To start off with, a convenient position is selected to depict the position of

the provisional coordinates i.e. coordinates obtained with rays 382/T and
101/P.

• The position of P must be selected at the angular shifts applied to the rays
must be as small as possible.
• Cross cuts positions are identified on the appropriate axis and directions
for the particular rays plotted with the use of a protractor.

• Each ray is labeled accordingly.

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 Error figure (cont…)
• Since several triangular errors are obtained these have to be
eliminated by combining some other rays so that a single triangle
remains.

• Pair of rays which form the smallest angle of intersection are

targeted for the combination.

• The resultant ray will be awarded or given a weight equal to the

sum of the weights of the 2 rays.

• The weighted centre for the resultant triangle of error is accepted

as the true value of the point i.e. P. 22