Transmission of Digital Data :

Interface and Modems

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 Transmission of Digital Data :
Interface and Modems
 Background
 Digital Data Transmission
– Parallel
– Serial
 DTE-DCE Interface
 Modems

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 Background

Information Data Encoding Encoded

Information

Transmission Process

Signal
+
Communication Link
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 Digital Data Transmission

 Primary concern in data transmission

– Wiring
– Data stream
 Send one bit

 Send a group of bits

 Two modes of sending bit streams

– Parallel mode
– Serial mode

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 Digital Data Transmission

Data Transmission

Parallel Serial

Synchronous Asynchronous

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 Parallel Transmission

 Groups of n bits
 Send one group at one time
 Use n wires to send n bits
 Advantage
– Speed
 Disadvantage
– Cost (n wires to transmit n bits)
– Limited to short distances

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Parallel Transmission

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 Serial Transmission

 One bit at one time

 Requires only one wire
 Requires conversion devices at the interface
between
– The sender and the line (parallel to serial)
– The line and the receiver (serial to parallel)
 Advantage
– Low cost

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Serial Transmission

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 Serial Transmission
(Asynchronous)
 Asynchronous
– The timing of signal is unimportant
– Information is retrieved and translated upon
pattern
– Patterns : grouping bit streams into bytes
 Each group (usually 8) is sent as a unit

– The sending device sends each group without

regard to a timer

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Serial Transmission
(Asynchronous)

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 Serial Transmission
(Asynchronous) (cont.)
 Method
– To alert the receiver :
 An extra bit (start bit -- 0) is added to the beginning of
each byte
 One or more extra bits are added to the end of the
byte
– Stop bits -- 1
 A gap (idle channel/streams of stop bits) is added at
the end of each byte
 Thus, start bit + stop bit + gap  alert the receiver
the begin and end of each byte

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 Serial Transmission
(Asynchronous) (cont.)
 Advantage
– Cheap
– Effective
 Example:
– Low speed communication
 Terminal  computer

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Serial Transmission
(Synchronous)

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 Serial Transmission
(Synchronous)
 Synchronous Transmission
– Bit streams is combined into longer “frame”
– A frame may consist of multiple bytes
– No gap between each byte is added into a transmission
link
– The receiver has to separate the bit stream into bytes for
decoding purpose
– Timing is important in synchronous transmission
– Byte synchronization is performed at the data link layer
 Advantage
– Speed
  useful for high speed applications
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 DTE-DCE Interface

 DTE : Data Terminal Equipment

 DCE : Data Circuit-terminating Equipment

network

DTE DCE DCE DTE

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 DTE-DCE Interface

 Sending End
 The DTE
– generates the data and passes them to a DCE
 The DCE
– converts the signal to a format appropriate to a
transmission medium
– Sends it onto the network
 Receiving End
– This process is reversed

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 DTE

 Includes any unit that functions as a source

or a destination for binary data
 At the physical layer, it can be
– A terminal
– A computer
– A printer
– A fax machine, etc.
 DTEs do not communicate with other DTE
directly

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 DCE

 Includes any functional units that transmits

or receives analog/digital signal through a
network
 At the physical layer, ex. Modems
 Sending and receiving DCEs must use the
modulating method (e.g. FSK)

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 DTE-DCE Interface Standards

DTE-DCE standards try to define the mechanical,

electrical, and functional characteristics of the
connection between the DTE and the DCE

network

DTE DCE DCE DTE 20

 EIA-232 Interface

 Previously called RS-232

 Defines the mechanical, electrical, and
functional characteristics of the interface
between a DTE and a DCE

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 EIA-232

 Mechanical Specification
– Interface
 25-wire cable

 Male and female DB-25 pin connector

attached to either end
 The cable length not > 15 meters (50 feet)

 Electrical Specification
– Defines the voltage levels and the type of signal
to be transmitted between DTE & DCE
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 EIA-232

 Sending the Data

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 EIA-232

 Control and Timing

– 4 wires are used for data functions
– 21 wires are reserved for functions like,
 Control

 Timing

 Grounding

 Testing

 etc.

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 EIA-232

A function is considered ON if it
Control and Timing transmits a voltage of at least +3 and
OFF if it transmits a voltage with a
value < -3 volts

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 EIA-232

 Functional Specification
– DB-25
– DB-9

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EIA-232 : DB-25 (male)

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EIA-232 : DB-25

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EIA-232 : DB-25 (Control Pins)

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EIA-232 : DB-25 (Timing Pins)

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EIA-232 : DB-25 (Other Pins)

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 EIA-232 : DB-9

 Many of the pins in DB-25 implementation

are not necessary
 A 9-pin version of EIA-232 (called DB-9)
was developed

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Syn
chr EIA-232 Functioning Example
ono
us
Full-
Dupl
ex

Tran
smis
sion

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EIA-232 Functioning Example

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 Null Modem

 Modems are not needed to connect two computers

in the same room
 Need : an interface to handle the exchange
– Readiness establishment
– Data transfer
– Data receipt
– etc.
 A standard provided by the EIA to perform these
tasks, called NULL MODEM

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Null Modem

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Crossing Connections

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 Other Interface Standards

 IEA-449
– DB-37/DB-9
 RS-423/422
 EIA-530
 Etc.

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 Modems

 Modulator/demodulator
 Modulator
– Converts a digital signal into an analog signal
using ASK, FSK, PSK or QAM
 Demodulator
– Converts an analog signal into a digital signal

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Modems

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