Practical

Research 2
ENGR. ANTHONY V. ABESADO
 1. Define Variables
2. Identify the types of variables

Objectives: 3. Compare and contrast the types of

variable
4. Distinguish independent, dependent
and extraneous variable
5. Differentiate predictor and criterion
variable
 Variable from the root word “vary” which mean “change”.
Variables are changing qualities or characteristics in a
research. Variables are factors or properties that the
researcher measures, observes, control and or manipulates.

Introduction Variables can be classified as Numeric, Categorical,

Experimental and NonExperimental.
 1. Continuous Variable Also known as
interval variable. Data is infinite. It can
assume any value between a certain set
Kinds of of real numbers. Examples of
Variables continuous variable are time, age,
weight, temperature and height.
2. Discrete Variable Data can be
counted in a finite manner. These
variables assume any whole number
within the limits of a given variable.
 Categorical Variable from the root word “category”. These
Categorical variables are with values that describe quality or

Variables characteristics of a given data. It describe categories or

groups. Categorical Variable are grouped into Ordinal,
Nominal, dichotomous or polychotomous. A given variable
can be categorized as ordinal-polychotomous, ordinal-
dichotomous, nominal-dichotomous or nominal-
polychotomous.
 1. Ordinal variables- Variables with value
Kinds of which can logically arranged, ranked or ordered.
Categorical Examples: Academic grades – with honor, with
Variables high honor, with highest honor Clothing size –
extra small (xs), small (s), medium (m), large (l)
2. Nominal Variables- Variables with value
which cannot logically arranged, ranked or
ordered.
Examples: Religion, Colors, Languages,
Subjects
 3. Dichotomous Variables- Variables that
Kinds of represents only two categories.
Categorical Example: Sex – Male and Female Veracity –
Variables True or False
4. Polychotomous Variables- Variables that
have many categories
Examples: Level of Performance – good, very
good, poor, satisfactory Colors – red, pink,
blue, green
 Experimental variable has three types; independent variable,
dependent variable and extraneous variable. Experimental
variables describe the factors that differ between the sample
being tested and sample being controlled.
EXPERIMENTAL
VARIABLES
 1. Independent Variable -This is the variable that
the researcher manipulates in an experiment or a
Types of research. The independent variable is the variable
Experimental that is different between the groups compared.
Variables Example: A study on learning styles of Grade 12
students in Navotas City on their Academic
Performance. The independent variable is students
learning style. One group will study while
listening to radio, another group will study in a
quiet place and another group will study in a
normal environment. In this study, the researcher
will have three groups of students wherein their
learning styles will be manipulated.
 2. Dependent Variable- These are the variables
affected by the manipulation of the independent
Types of variable. It is sometimes called the predicted
Experimental variable.
Variables Example: A study on learning styles of Grade 12
students in Navotas City on their Academic
Performance. The dependent variable is student's
academic performance. The researcher will
compare the academic performance of the three
groups of students if the manipulated learning
style influences their academic performance. Is
there a difference on the academic performance
of the three groups.
 3. Extraneous Variable Also known as
Intervening Variable. These are variables that the
Types of researcher does not include in the study but are
Experimental present in the environment where the research is to
Variables be conducted and may have an effect or influence
the conduct of the study.
Example: A study on learning styles of Grade 12
students in Navotas City on their Academic
Performance. Example of possible extraneous
variable are Students Behavior, Physical Ambiance
of study area, the subject matter. These factors 6
may influence the result of the study but are not
included on the researcher’s variable to be tested.
 Let’s have a drill: Try to identify the
independent, dependent and extraneous
variable on the given research title.

Examples 1. Research Title: Types of Fertilizer and Soil:

Effects on the growth of Tomato plant.
2. Research Title: Impact of Corona Virus
pandemic on the Economic stability of the
Philippines.
 Non-Experimental variable are of two kinds.
Predictor and Criterion Variable.
Non-
Experimental 1. Predictor Variable - Variable that changes the
other variable in a non-experimental research.
Variables Like independent variable in experimental
research.
Example: Conduct Career Orientation Program
and Choice of Senior High School Specialization
among Grade 10 students. The predictor variable
is the conduct of career orientation program as
this may change the senior high school choice of
specialization among them.
 2. Criterion Variable – Variable that may be
Non- influenced or changed by the predictor
variable. Similar to dependent variable in
Experimental experimental research.
Variables
Example: Conduct Career Orientation Program
and Choice of Senior High School
Specialization among Grade 10 students. The
criterion variable is Choice of Senior High
School Specialization among Grade 10
students since it can be change or influenced by
the conduct of career orientation program.
 Let’s have a drill: Try to identify the predictor and criterion
variable on the given research title.

1. Teaching Styles and Students behavior in Grade 12

students in Navotas City.
Examples 2. YouTube alphabet videos and Language Development
among Toddlers.