September 2016 1

FUNDAMENTAL OF
ELECTRIC & ELECTRONICS
BENR 1113
Semester I, 2020/2021

Dr.Anis Suhaila Mohd Zain

FKEKK, UTeM.
 2

Lecturer : Dr. Anis Suhaila Mohd Zain

Room : A/3-38 (FKEKK)
Email : [email protected]

Lecture/ Tutorial:
1 BENR S1/S3 1 BENR S2

Monday,11 am-1 pm Wednesday, 9 am-11 am

Wednesday, 11 am-1 pm Thursday, 11 am-1 pm
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Motivational Quotes
10/20/2020 4

Course Evaluations
1.Course Works (40%)
Quizzes 5%
Assignments (1) 15%
Mid Term Test (2) 20%

2.Final Examination 60%

Total 100%
Chapter 1 5
Chapter 1

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC SYSTEMS

• This chapter explains:

1.1 Basic Electric System
1.2 Electrical Circuits
1.3 Electrical Charge
1.4 Electromotive Force (emf ) and Potential Difference
1.5 Voltage and Currents
1.6 Systems of Units: SI units in Electrical
1.7 Electrical Measurement & Instruments
1.8 Symbols of Electrical Sources & Components
1.9 Circuit Elements: Passive & Active

BEKG 1123
Principles of Electric and Electronics
Chapter 1 7

Chapter Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

• Describe basic electrical systems and the concept of

electrical charge
• Differentiate between EMF and Potential Differential
• Understand the systems of units
• Describe electrical measurement & instruments and the
symbol s of electrical sources & components
• Identify the circuit elements
Chapter 1 8

1.1 BASIC ELECTRIC SYSTEM

Electric system – deals with communication and

transfer energy from one point to another.
Electric circuit – an interconnection of electrical
elements.
Basic electrical system consists of 4 elements: Source,
Control, Load and Transmission System (as shown in
Fig. 1)

Source Control Load

Transmission Transmission
System System

Fig. 1 Electrical system

 Chapter 1 9

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd.

1) Source - Provide electrical energy to electrical system (i.e
DC or AC source). Can be obtain from battery, generator or
socket outlet.

2) Control - Control the flow of electrical energy (i.e switch).

Permits the energy to flow or else interrupts the flow.

3) Load - Absorb the electrical energy and perform a given

task/purpose/work. Most domestic electrical equipment
constitutes loads (i.e motor)

4) Transmission system - Conduct and transfer electrical

9
energy from source toChapter
load1 (i.e insulated wire)
Chapter 1 10

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd.

Example

Fig. 2 Torch Light system

Chapter 1 11

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd.

Example
Conductors/Wires
Switch

Switch
Battery
Wires

Resistance
Headlamps Voltage source

Physical configuration Circuit diagram

Fig.3 Headlight system

Chapter 1 12

1.2 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Electrical Circuit – consists of various types of circuit elements connected
in closed paths by conductor (refer Figure 1.4).

**Circuit elements – resistances,

inductances, capacitances and
voltage/current sources.

Fig. 4 Electrical circuit

Voltage sources create forces that cause charge to flow through the conductors
and other circuit elements, so energy transferred between the circuit elements.
Chapter 1 13

1.3 ELECTRICAL CHARGE

Electrical Charge – also known electricity.

The elementary physics that all matter is made of atoms and each atoms
consists of electrons, protons and neutrons.
 14

Chapter 1

ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

 The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an

atom neutrally charged.

 Some atoms hold their electrons loosely (when force is applied)

especially electrons thatare located at valence shell (outermost
shell).
 ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

 The loose electrons (free electron) can be transferred into

another atoms.

 When an electron escapes from the atom – becomes positive

ion.

 When atom acquire an electron – becomes negative ion.

Chapter 1 15
 ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.
 A substance/materials that excess of electrons (negative ion) is said to
have negative charge.
 Materials with deficiency of electrons (positive ion) is said to have positive
charge.
 Electrical charge – an electrical property of matter that exists because of an
excess or defiance of electrons.
 Charges can be measured in coulomb
1 Coulomb (C) = 6.24 x 1018 electrons
1 electron = 1.602 x 10 -19 C

 Materials with charges of opposite polarity attracted.

 Materials with charges of same polarity are repelled.

Chapter 1 16
Chapter 1 17

1.4 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf)

VS. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Emf Potential difference
Emf is the electrical potential Potential is a function of the
difference provided by an location, and potential
energy source like battery. difference between point A
and point B is calculated by
Varying magnetic fields also subtracting the potential of A
can generate an emf from potential of B.
according to the Faraday’s
law. In an electric field, it is the
amount work to be done to
Although EMF is also a move a unit charge (+1
voltage and measured in Coulomb) from B to A.
Volts (V), it is all about the
generation of a potential Electric potential difference is
difference. measured in V (Volts). In an
electrical circuit, current flows
from the higher potential to
lower potential.
Chapter 1 18

So the important differences between emf and potential difference

are:

1. The term ‘potential difference’ is used in all energy fields (electric,

magnetic, gravitational), and ‘emf’ is only used in electric circuits.

2. Emf is the electrical potential difference generated by a source like

battery or generator.

3. We can measure potential difference between any two points, but

emf exists only between the two ends of a source.

4. Sum of ‘potential drops’ around a circuit is equal to total emf

according to Kirchhoff’s second law.
Chapter 1 19

1.5 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

Voltage The force (pressure) that causes
current to flow
- measured in VOLTS (V)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any pressure (voltage)?

YES – Pressure (voltage) is pushing against the pipe, tank, and
the faucet.
When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any pressure (voltage)?
YES – Pressure (voltage) pushes flow (current) through the
system.
Voltage in a Circuit

off on

The battery provides voltage that will push

current through the bulb when the switch is on.
 VOLTAGE cont.
• To move an electron in a conductor in a particular direction
requires some work or energy transfer.

• This work can be performed by an external force or called as

electromotive force (emf).

• This emf also known as potential difference or voltage.

• Voltage (V) is the energy required to move a unit charge

through an element, measured in volts (V).

• Voltage is a measurement of potential difference between two

points.

Chapter 1 22
 VOLTAGE cont.
• Vab – voltage between point a and b
• It is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from a to b.

• plus (+) and minus (-) signs – voltage polarity or reference

direction.

Chapter 1 23
 VOLTAGE cont.
• Voltage (V) is defined as energy/charge per unit charge

V = W/Q
where V is voltage in volts(V), W is energy in joules (J) and Q
is charge in coulombs (C).

• A voltage source is an energy source that provides electrical

energy or voltage.

• Two types of voltage sources:

• dc voltage – a constant voltage with time. i.e. battery.
• ac voltage – a voltage that varies with time. i.e. electric
generator, socket outlet.

Chapter 1 24
Current The flow of electric charge
- measured in AMPERES (A)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off,

is there any flow (current)?
NO
When the faucet (switch) is on,
is there any flow (current)?
YES
Current in a Circuit

off on

When the switch is off, there is no current.

When the switch is on, there is current.
 Chapter 1 27

CURRENT contd.

• Voltage provides energy to electron, allowing them to move

through a circuit.

• This movement of electrons is the current, which result in work

being done in an electrical circuit.

• Consider the following:

• negative charges move from the negative terminal of battery

towards the positive terminal.
 CURRENT contd.
• Flow of current in metallic conductors is due to movement of
electrons.
• However, it is universally accepted that current is the net flow of
positive charges.
• There are two accepted conventions for the direction of electrical
current:
1. Electron flow direction – current is out of the negative
terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and into the
positive terminal of the source.
2. Conventional current direction – current is out of the
positive terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and
into the negative terminal of the source.

Electron Conventional
Flow Current

Chapter 1 28
 Engineering vs. Science
• The direction that the current flows does not affect what the
current is doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which
convention is used as long as you are consistent.
• Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In
general, the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas the
engineering disciplines use Conventional Current.
• Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional
Current .

Electron Conventional
Flow Current
 CURRENT contd.
• Electric current – the time rate of change of charge, measured in
amperes (A).
I=Q/t
where I is current in amperes(A), Q is charge in coulombs (C)
and t is time in seconds.
• Generally, have two types of current:

• direct current (dc) – a current that remains constant with time.

• alternating current (ac) – a current that varies with time.

Chapter 1 30
Chapter 1 31

1.6 SYSTEMS OF UNITS

•• Basic
Basic SI
SI (International
(International System
System of
of Units)
Units) units:
units:

Quantity Unit Symbol

Charge (q) coulomb C

Energy (E) joule J
Power (P) watt W
Voltage (V) volt V
Current (I) ampere A
Resistance (R) ohm Ω
Induction (L) Henry H
Capacitance (C) farad F
Chapter 1 32
Unit Name Unit Symbol
Volt (V)
• Volt is the electrical unit of voltage.
One volt is the energy of 1 joule that is 1V = 1J / 1C
consumed when electric charge of 1
coulomb flows in the circuit.

Ampere (A)
ELectrical units
• Ampere is the electrical unit of
electrical current. It measures the 1A = 1C / 1s
amount of electrical charge that flows in
an electrical circuit per 1 second.
Ohm (Ω)
• Ohm is the electrical unit of resistance.
1Ω = 1V / 1A

Watt (W)
• Watt is the electrical unit of
electric power. It measures the rate of 1W = 1J / 1s
consumed energy. 1W = 1V · 1A

Farad (F)
• Farad is the unit of capacitance. It
represents the amount of 1F = 1C / 1V
electric charge in coulombs that is
stored per 1 volt.
Henry (H)
• Henry is the unit of inductance.
1H = 1Wb / 1A
Chapter 1 33

SYSTEMS OF UNITS contd.

• The SI prefixes:
Power of 10 Prefix Symbol
+18 Exa E
+15 Peta P
+12 Tera T
+9 Giga G
+6 mega M
+3 kilo k
+2 hecto h
+1 deka D
-1 deci d
-2 centi c
- 3                  mili m
-6 micro µ
-9 nano n
- 12 pico p
- 15 femto f
- 18 atto a
 1.7 ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT
INSTRUMENTS
• Multimeter

Analog Multimeter
Digital Multimeters (DMM)
• Meter symbols
Measuring Current
• Most analog ammeters have a number of possible
settings for the maximum possible current that can
be measured; for example: 2 A, 200 mA, 20 mA,
2 mA. You should always start by turning the setting
to the highest possible rating (for example, 2 A). If
the ammeter reading is too small from the selected
scale, then you can reduce the scale to get the
reading. It is important not to overshoot the
maximum value that can be read.
• For example, if the current is about 75 mA, then the
ammeter would be set to the 200 mA scale for the
most accurate reading. Setting to the 20 mA scale
would overload the ammeter and most likely open its
internal fuse.
Measuring Voltage
Measuring Resistance
 Measured Numbers
• Error : The difference between the true value and the measured value
• Accuracy : The degree to which a measured value represents the
true or accepted value of a quantity. A measurement is said to be
accurate if the error is small.
• Precision : The repeatability or consistency of a measurement
• Resolution
• The smallest increment of quantity that the meter can measure.
The smaller the increment, the better the resolution.

0.01V
0.001V

41
 Chapter 1 42
Symbol Component Name Meaning
SPST Toggle Switch Disconnects current when open
1.8 Symbols of electrical
source and components Earth Ground
Used for zero potential reference
and electrical shock protection.
Connected to the chassis of the
Chassis Ground
circuit
Resistor (IEEE) Resistor reduces the current flow.
Variable Resistor / Rheostat Adjustable resistor - has 2
(IEEE) terminals
Capacitor is used to store electric
Capacitor charge. It acts as short circuit
with AC and open circuit with DC.
Battery Generates constant voltage
AC Voltage Source AC voltage source
Diode allows current flow in
Diode
one direction only (left to right).
 1.9 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
•
Element – basic building block of a circuit or electrical components of
an electrical circuit.

•
Electric circuit – an interconnection of electrical elements.

•
Circuit analysis – process of determining voltages across (or the currents
through) the elements of the circuit.

•
Two types of elements in electrical circuits:
 Active elements
 Passive elements

43
 44

Passive Components
• Passive components: Components
that do not supply voltage or
current. Color bands
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
• Examples Insulation coating

Leads

Resistors
Capacitors
Inductor
Transformer

Foil
Mica
Foil
Mica Mica capacitor_
Foil
Mica
Foil

Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)
Active Components
• The components that have their own power source.
• Passive components are used in conjunction with active components to form an
electronic system.
• Examples
 Voltage and current sources
 Battery, Generator, Fuel cell
 Transistor
 Integrated Circuit (IC)
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

• Active elements – elements capable of generating

electrical energy i.e. voltage source & current source.

• Passive elements – elements not capable of

generating electrical energy i.e. resistor, capacitor and
inductors.


Voltage & current source deliver power to the
electrical circuit.


Two kinds of sources:
 Independent sources.
 Dependent sources.
46
Chapter 1 47

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

• Ideal independent source – an active elements that

provides a specified voltage or current that is completely
independent of other circuit elements.
Chapter 1 48

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

• Ideal independent voltage source delivers to the

circuit whatever current is necessary to maintain
its terminal voltage.
Chapter 1 49

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

• Ideal independent current source delivers to the

circuit whatever voltage is necessary to maintain
the designated current.
Chapter 1 50

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

• Ideal dependent (or controlled) source – an active element
in which the source quantity is controlled by another
voltage or current.

• Four types of dependent source:

• A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
• A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
• A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
• A current-controlled current source (CCCS)
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

Consider the following:

 The CCVS is depends on i.

 Value = 10i V

51