ELECTROSTATIC
POTENTIAL AND
CAPACITANCE
ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL ∞
+1
𝑞
𝑊
𝑉=
𝑞
ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL
DIFFERENCE
𝐵
𝑊 𝐴𝐵
𝑉 𝐴𝐵 =𝑉 𝐴 − 𝑉 𝐵=
𝑞 𝑞
𝐴
+1
RELATION BETWEEN ELECTRIC
FIELD INTENSITY AND
POTENTIAL
𝐸
⃗
𝑉
𝑉 +𝑑𝑉
𝐴 𝐵
𝑑𝑥
𝐹
⃗
Lorentz force
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AS LINE
𝐵
INTEGRAL OF ELECTRIC FIELD
𝐹
𝑑𝑙
𝐸 𝐶
𝐴
POTENTIAL OVER ANY CLOSED
PATH IS ZERO 𝐵
𝐸
𝑑𝑙
𝐶
𝐹
𝐷
𝐴
POTENTIAL DUE TO A POINT
CHARGE
𝑥
𝑂 𝑃 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 ∞
𝑟
𝑞
POTENTIAL DUE TO A SYSTEM OF
MANY CHARGES
𝑖=𝑛
1 𝑞 1 𝑞 2 𝑞3 𝑞𝑛 1 𝑞𝑖
𝑉=
4 𝜋 𝜖0 [ + + +…
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3 𝑟𝑛
=
] ×∑
4 𝜋 𝜖 0 𝑖=1 𝑟 𝑖
POTENTIAL DUE TO UNIFORMLY
CHARGED SPHERICAL SHELL
+++++++¿
𝑂
𝑅
𝑟
𝑃
POTENTIAL DUE TO UNIFORMLY
CHARGED SPHERICAL SHELL
𝑉
𝑂
−𝑟 −
𝑅 𝑅 +𝑟
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT ANY
POINT DUE TO AN ELECTRIC
DIPOLE
C
𝑟 1
𝑟 𝑟 2
−𝑞
𝑙 𝜃
+𝑞
𝜃 O 𝑙
A B
E
2 𝑙
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT ANY
POINT DUE TO AN ELECTRIC
DIPOLE
In , C
In
𝑟 1
𝑟 𝑟 2
−𝑞
𝑙 𝜃
+𝑞
𝜃 O 𝑙
A B
E
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT ANY
POINT DUE TO AN ELECTRIC
DIPOLE
Potential at C due to C
Potential at C due to
𝑟 1
𝑟 𝑟 2
−𝑞
𝑙 𝜃
+𝑞
𝜃 O 𝑙
A B
E
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT ANY
POINT DUE TO AN ELECTRIC
DIPOLE
Effective potential at C due to the dipole C
can be neglected and hence can be 𝑟 1
𝑟 𝑟 2
neglected
D
−𝑞
𝑙 𝜃
+𝑞
𝜃 O 𝑙
A B
E
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT ANY
POINT DUE TO AN ELECTRIC
DIPOLE
In vector form, C
Where is a unit vector in the direction of
𝑟 1
𝑟 𝑟 2
−𝑞
𝑙 𝜃
+𝑞
𝜃 O 𝑙
A B
E
POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A
SYSTEM OF TWO CHARGES
𝑟 12
𝑞
1 𝑞 2
A B
1 𝑞1𝑞2
𝑈 12 = ×
4 𝜋 𝜖 0 𝑟 12
POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A
SYSTEM OF THREE
C
CHARGES
𝑞 3
𝑟 13 𝑟 23
𝑟 12
𝑞
1 𝑞 2
A B
1 𝑞 1 𝑞 2 𝑞 2 𝑞 3 𝑞 1 𝑞3
𝑈 =𝑈 12 +𝑈 23 +𝑈 31 =
4 𝜋 𝜖0
×
𝑟 12 [
+
𝑟 23
+
𝑟 23 ]
POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A
SYSTEM OF CHARGES
𝑖= 𝑛 𝑗 =𝑛
1 1 𝑞𝑖 𝑞 𝑗
𝑈= × ∑∑
2 4 𝜋 𝜖0 𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑟 𝑖𝑗
𝑗 ≠𝑖
POTENTIAL ENERGY IN AN
EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD
(a) DUE TO A SINGLE CHARGE
Potential at O =
𝑂
𝒒
POTENTIAL ENERGY IN AN
EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD
(a) DUE TO A SINGLE CHARGE
According to definition potential energy at
O i.e. is the work done in bringing a charge
𝑂
from infinity to
𝒒
EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACE
An equipotential surface is one at every point of which the electric
potential is the same. No work has to be done to move a charge from
one point to another through an equipotential surface
EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACE
Electric field is always perpendicular to equipotential surface
• Insulating material which transmits
DIELECTRICS electric effect without conducting is
called as a dielectric
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
• Definition
1: The ratio of permittivity of the medium to the permittivity of free space is called
dielectric constant
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
•
In a medium
Do
POLAR AND NON
POLAR
DIELECTRICS
DIELECTRIC POLARISATION
+¿
𝐸𝑖 −
A B
𝐸0
-+ -+ -+ -+ -+
+¿
−𝜎 𝑝
-+ -+ -+ 𝐸𝑝
-+ -+
+𝜎 𝑝 −
A B
𝐸0
𝐸𝑝< 𝐸0
𝐸=𝐸0 − 𝐸 𝑝
𝑬𝟎
𝑲=
𝑬
POLARISABILITY
• The ratio of induced dipole moment to the times the field is called polarizability
ELECTRIC POLARISATION VECTOR
• The
dipole moment per unit volume of an electrostatic dipole is called electrostatic polarisation
vector of the dielectric
ELECTRIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
• The
ratio of electrostatic polarisation vector to electric field vector is called electric
susceptibility of the dielectric medium
CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE
• Capacitors or condensers are devices that store charges and release them whenever necessary.
CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE
• The charge stored in a capacitor is directly proportional to the applied potential
When
Therefore capacitance can also be defined as the charge per unit potential.
Unit of capacitance if Farad
CAPACITANCE OF AN ISOLATED
SPHERICAL CONDUCTOR
•
𝑞
Capacitance
𝑟
in free space
𝐾
PRINCIPLE OF A CONDENSER
𝑃1 𝑃2
+𝑞
EXPRESSION FOR CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
𝑃1 𝑃2
•Surface
charge density
+𝑞
Electric field due to
𝑑
Electric field due to
Net electric field in between the plates
EXPRESSION FOR CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
𝑃1 𝑃2
•Potential
difference between the plates is the
+𝑞
work done in moving a unit positive charge
from the plate to
𝑑
Capacity
EXPRESSION FOR CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
𝑃1 𝑃2
•If K is the dielectric constant
+𝑞
𝑑
GROUPING OF CAPACITORS
• Capacitors in series
𝑉 1 𝑉 2𝑉 3
According to law of conservation of potential 𝐶1 𝐶2𝐶3
difference
𝑞
𝑉
If there are capacitors of equal capacitance
Effective capacitance
GROUPING OF CAPACITORS
• Capacitors in parallel
According to law of conservation of charges 𝑞 1 𝐶
1
𝑞 2
𝑞
3 𝐶 2
𝐶 3
If there are capacitors of equal capacitance
Effective capacitance 𝑞
𝑉
GROUPING OF CAPACITORS
Effective capacitance of capacitors connected in series will
be greater than the capacitors connected in parallel
ENERGY OF A CHARGED CONDENSER
• At any instant let be the potential of the capacitor and be the charge,
Additional work done
VAN DE GRAAFF GENERATOR
• This is a machine which can build up high
voltages of the order of a few million volts
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