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(Introduction To Logic) Teacher Ismatullah Butt Associate Professor

This document provides an introduction to logic. It defines logic as the study of arguments and criteria for distinguishing successful arguments. An argument consists of premises that support a conclusion. Logic examines the relationship between premises and conclusions. The lecture introduces deductive and inductive arguments and explains that the distinction is based on the link between premises and conclusions, not whether the reasoning goes from general to specific or vice versa. It provides examples of valid and invalid argument forms to illustrate the concepts.

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Ismatullah Butt
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30 views

(Introduction To Logic) Teacher Ismatullah Butt Associate Professor

This document provides an introduction to logic. It defines logic as the study of arguments and criteria for distinguishing successful arguments. An argument consists of premises that support a conclusion. Logic examines the relationship between premises and conclusions. The lecture introduces deductive and inductive arguments and explains that the distinction is based on the link between premises and conclusions, not whether the reasoning goes from general to specific or vice versa. It provides examples of valid and invalid argument forms to illustrate the concepts.

Uploaded by

Ismatullah Butt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CREATIVE THINKING & REASONING

Lecture 2
(Introduction to Logic)

Teacher;
ISMATULLAH BUTT
Associate Professor
Creative Thinking & Reasoning
2

Lecture Contents:
 What is Logic?
 What is not Logic?
 Why study Logic?
 Some Definitions
 Premise and Conclusion Indicators
 Argument-Form and Instance
 Types of Criteria for Successful Arguments
Logic is…
3

 The study of argument


 The study of criteria for distinguishing successful from
unsuccessful arguments and the study of methods for applying
those criteria
 An argument is a set of statements, some of which—the
premises—are supposed to support, or give reasons for, the
remaining statement—the conclusion
 In a successful argument the premises genuinely support the
conclusion.
 ‘genuine support’ requires the probable or guaranteed
preservation of truth from premises to conclusion.
 The study of related properties such as consistency, logical
truth, etc.
 The key to a world of wonder.
Logic is not…
4

 Logic is not the study


of persuasion and manipulative rhetorical devices
 ‘successful argument’ does not mean persuasive
argument
 Human fallibility and manipulative rhetoric lead people to
 accept poor reasoning
 reject good reasoning
 Remember, in a successful argument if the premises
are true, then the conclusion is either guaranteed to be
true or likely to be true.
Why Study Logic?
5

 Intrinsic value
 Enjoyment of learning

 Enjoyment of abstract structures and analytic elegance

 Enjoyment of puzzles and figuring things out

 Instrumental value

 Improve abstract, critical, and analytic reasoning

 Increase the number of tools in your critical thinking

“toolkit”
 Improve writing, reading, speaking skills

 Become a better thinker/knower

 Become a more independent thinker

 Become the life of the party


Some Definitions
6

Statement:
A statement is a declarative sentence; a sentence which attempts to state a
fact—as opposed to a question, command, exclamation, etc.
Argument:
an argument is a (finite) set of statements, some of which—the premises—
are supposed to support, or give reasons for, the remaining statement—the
conclusion
Logic:
Logic is the study of
(i) criteria for distinguishing successful from unsuccessful argument,
(ii) methods for applying those criteria, and
(iii) related properties of statements such as implication, equivalence,
logical truth, consistency, etc.
Truth Value:
The truth value of a statement is just its truth or falsehood; we assume that
every statement has either the truth value true, or the truth value false, but
not both
An Example Argument
7

 Socrates is mortal, for all humans are mortal, and


Socrates is human
 Given that Socrates is human, Socrates is mortal;
since all humans are mortal
 All Humans are mortal, Socrates is human;
therefore Socrates is mortal
Premise and Conclusion Indicators
8

Premise Indicators:
as, since, for, because, given that, for the reason that,
inasmuch as

Conclusion Indicators:
therefore, hence, thus, so, we may infer,
consequently, it follows that
Standard Form
9

Premise 1
Premise 2
 All humans are mortal
Premise n Socrates is human
Conclusion Socrates is mortal
Argument Form and Instance
10

Argument Form and Instance:


An argument form (or schema) is the framework of an
argument which results when certain portions of the
component sentences are replaced by blanks,
schematic letters, or other symbols. An argument
instance is what results when the blanks in a form are
appropriately filled in
Form and Instance
11

Instances:
Form:
All humans
F are G are mortal
x is F is human
Socrates
x is G is mortal
Socrates

All monsters are furry


Grover is a monster
Grover is furry
Criteria for Successful Arguments-Types
12

 Deductive
 Inductive
 These criteria have some things in common, but will turn out to be
importantly different
 The distinction is NOT
 Deductive = general to specific
 Inductive = specific to general
 THE ABOVE IS INCORRECT
 The distinction will involve the nature of the link between premises and
conclusion
 This is best illustrated…
Argument 1A
13

All whales are mammals T


All mammals are air-breathers T
All whales are air-breathers T

All Premises True


“Good” or “Bad”?
Conclusion True

F1 G1
Argument 1D
14

All whales are reptiles F


All reptiles are birds F
All whales are birds F

At least One Premise False


“Good” or “Bad”?
Conclusion False

F1 G1
Argument 1B
15

All whales are fish F


All fish are air-breathers T
All whales are air-breathers T

“Good” or “Bad”? At least One Premise False


Conclusion True

F1 G1

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