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Logarithmic Function

Logarithms are the inverse operation of exponents. They allow expressions with exponents to be written in two equivalent forms: logarithmic form and exponential form. Some key properties of logarithms include: (1) the logarithmic property relating logarithms of multiplied terms, (2) the change of base formula, and (3) the one-to-one correspondence between logarithmic and exponential equations which is used to solve logarithmic equations. Logarithmic inequalities can be solved by determining the range of values where the logarithm is defined and making the inequality true.

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Angel Grace Delacerna Delicano
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91 views22 pages

Logarithmic Function

Logarithms are the inverse operation of exponents. They allow expressions with exponents to be written in two equivalent forms: logarithmic form and exponential form. Some key properties of logarithms include: (1) the logarithmic property relating logarithms of multiplied terms, (2) the change of base formula, and (3) the one-to-one correspondence between logarithmic and exponential equations which is used to solve logarithmic equations. Logarithmic inequalities can be solved by determining the range of values where the logarithm is defined and making the inequality true.

Uploaded by

Angel Grace Delacerna Delicano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO

LOGARITHMS
Review exponents: Simplify the given
expressions

 
In this lesson, we will look at it from another
perspective. What if the exponent is missing?


Figure
  out what is the missing number in the following
expressions?
Exponential form:
Logarithmic form:
 
Note:
 
 In both the logarithmic and exponential forms, is the base.
 In the exponential form, c is an exponent. But c = This
implies that the logarithm is actually an exponent.
 In the logarithmic form a cannot be negative. For example,
is not defined since 2 raised to any exponent will never
result to a negative number.
 The value of can be negative. For example, because
Example 1:without using a calculator, find the
value of the following logarithmic expression.

 
Definition

Let
  and be positive real numbers such
that . The logarithm of with base ,
denoted by , is defined as the number
such that That is, is the exponent that
b must be raised to produced .
Logarithms and exponents allow us to express the same
relationship in two different ways. This table shows how the
expressions in Example 1 can be written using two equivalent
forms.

Logarithmic Form Exponential Form


=5  
25= 32
=3   3
9 =729
1
 
5 =5
0
 
7 =1

Logarithmic form:
Exponential form:  
 

Common Logarithms are logarithms with base 10; the


base is usually omitted when writing common
logarithms. This means that is a short notation for .

Logarithms with base e are called natural logarithms,


and are denoted by “”. In other words, is another way
of writing
Representation of real-life situation
  In chemistry, the pH level measures the acidity of a
water-based solution that is measured by the
concentration of hydrogen ions (written [ in the
solution. It is obtained by
pH= -

Ex. A 1-liter solution contains 0.00001 moles of


hydrogen ions. Find its pH level.
Basic properties of logarithms

 
Let b and x be real numbers such that b>0 and b≠1.

1.

2.

3. If , then
Example: Use the properties of logarithms to
find the value of the following logarithmic
expressions

 
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Laws of logarithms

   b>0, b≠1 and let n ∊


Let R. For u>0, v>0, then

1. =

2. =
Use the properties of logarithms to expand
each expression in terms of the logarithms of
the factors

 
1.
2.
3.
Use the properties of logarithms to condense
the expressions as a single logarithm.

 
1.
2.
3.
Change –of-Base Formula


Let  , , and be positive real numbers, with .

Examples.
a. (change to base 2)
b. (change to base 3)
c. (change to base 5)
Solving Logarithmic Equations

 Rewriting
  to exponential from
 Using logarithmic properties
 Applying the One-to-one property of Logarithmic
functions, as stated below.
For any logarithmic function ,
if then .
Example. Find the value of in the following
equations.  

 
1.
  (one-to-one property)

 2.

  (changing into exponential form)


Example. Find the value of in the following
equations.  

 
3.
  (using the property )

(factorization using )
(Zero Factor Property)

Check: 3 is a solution since and are defined.


However, is not a solution since and are not defined.
Solving Logarithmic Inequality

 
Property of Logarithmic Inequalities
Given the logarithmic expression ,
If , then if and only if
If , then if and only if
Example. Solve the following logarithmic
inequalities.

 
1.
Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are defined.
   

 
Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is satisfied.
Since the base is

Therefore,
Example. Solve the following logarithmic
inequalities.

 
1.
Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are defined.

   

 Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is satisfied.


Since the base is

Therefore,
Thank you!

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